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NCLEX-RN Exam Cram, 5th Edition

By Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd
Published Nov 30, 2016 by Pearson IT Certification. Part of the Exam Cram series.

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Description

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Description

Copyright 2017
Dimensions: 7" x 9-1/8"
Edition: 5th

EPUB (Watermarked)
ISBN-10: 0-13-449320-6
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-449320-6

This is the eBook version of the print title. The eBook edition does not provide access to the test engine and practice test that accompanies the print book.

"The book offers a quick ‘cram’ approach to the NCLEX that is very user-friendly and not time-intensive. The overall approach is very learner-centered and the content is well-paced.”–Catherine Dearman, R.N., Ph.D.

Covers exactly what you need to know to score higher on your NCLEX-RN^® exam
Sample test questions help you gain confidence and decide when you’re ready to take the actual exam
Includes the popular Cram Sheet tearcard to help you remember key concepts and do extra last-minute studying
Exam Alerts identify important information found on the exam
Simplifies key medication aide concepts and techniques for easy learning

Covers the critical information you’ll need to know to score higher on your NCLEX-RN exam!

Discover how the NCLEX-RN exam works, and how best to prepare for it
Understand essential disease processes, treatments, and diagnostic studies
Care for clients with respiratory, genitourinary, hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, endocrine, cardiovascular, neurological, and many other disorders
Serve maternal, infant, and pediatric clients
Provide compassionate and effective emergency and psychiatric care
Consider cultural, religious, and legal concerns associated with client care
Review all stages of the nursing process: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation
Address client needs for a safe, effective-care environment; health promotion and maintenance; and psychosocial and physiological integrity



Sample Content

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Welcome to the NCLEX-RN® Exam Cram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Taking the Computerized Adaptive Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

The Cost of the Exam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

How to Prepare for the Exam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

How to Use This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Contact the Nursing Board in Your Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

About the Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Contact the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Self-Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Testing Your Exam Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Chapter 1: Preparing for the National Council Exam for Registered Nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Preparing for the Exam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

The CAT Exam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Testing Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Read the Question Carefully. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Look for Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Watch for Specific Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Eliminate Options That Are Clearly Wrong or Incorrect. . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Look for Similar Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Look for Opposite Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Remember Legalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Remember Infection Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Chapter 2: Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Three Areas of Pharmacology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

How Nurses Work with Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Time-Released Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Administering Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

The Rights of Administering Medication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Understanding and Identifying the Various Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Beta Adrenergic Blockers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Anti-Infectives (Aminoglycosides) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Benzodiazepines (Anticonvulsants/Antianxiety). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Phenothiazines (Antipsychotic/Antiemetic). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Glucocorticoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Antivirals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Cholesterol-Lowering Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Histamine 2 Antagonists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Proton Pump Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Anticoagulants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

More Drug Identification Helpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Herbals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Drug Schedules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Pregnancy Categories for Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Chapter 3: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Chronic Bronchitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Emphysema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Acute Respiratory Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Pleurisy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Acute Respiratory Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Pulmonary Embolus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Emerging Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Legionnaire’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Chapter 4: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Genitourinary System . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Acute Glomerulonephritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Chronic Glomerulonephritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

End Stage Renal Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Peritoneal Dialysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Hemodialysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Renal Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Nephrotic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Urinary Calculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Urinary Tract Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Genitourinary Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Prostatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Bladder Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Chapter 5: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Hematopoietic System . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Pernicious Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Aplastic Anemia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Sickle Cell Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Iron Deficiency Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Cooley’s Anemia (Thalassemia Major) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Hemophilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Polycythemia Vera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Pharmacology for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Chapter 6: Caring for the Client with Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Acid/Base Balance . . 89

Basic Knowledge of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Regulation of pH and Its Effect on Fluid and Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

How the Body Regulates pH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Metabolic Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Causes of Metabolic Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Symptoms of Metabolic Acidosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Care of the Client with Metabolic Acidosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Respiratory Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Causes of Respiratory Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Caring for the Client with Respiratory Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Metabolic Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Symptoms of Metabolic Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Caring for the Client with Metabolic Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Respiratory Alkalosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Symptoms of Respiratory Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Care of the Client with Respiratory Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Normal Electrolyte Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Changes Associated with Aging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Chapter 7: Caring for the Client with Burns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Burn Classifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Burn Measurement with TBSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Nursing Care for Burn Victims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

The Resuscitative (Emergent) Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

The Acute (Intermediate) Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Dressings for Burns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

The Rehabilitative Phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Chapter 8: Caring for the Client with Sensorineural Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Disorders of the Eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Intraocular Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Retinal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Refractive Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Traumatic Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Visual Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Ear Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Otitis Externa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Otitis Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Meniere’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Otosclerosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Presbycusis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Ear Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Assisting Clients with Hearing Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Chapter 9: Caring for the Client with Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

American Cancer Society’s Seven Warning Signs of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . 140

The Four Major Categories of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Risk Factors for Specific Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Cancer Prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Patient Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Management of the Client with Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Chemotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Bone Marrow and Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation (PSCT) . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Types of Transplants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Nursing Care After Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Diagnosis of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Prognosis of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Treatment of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Pharmacology for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Chapter 10: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Ulcers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Types of Ulcers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Treatment of Ulcers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Inflammatory Bowel Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Crohn’s Disease (Regional Enteritis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Ulcerative Colitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Diverticulitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Diagnosis of Diverticulitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Treatment of Diverticulitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Diseases Associated with the Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Hepatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Pancreatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Symptoms of Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Diagnosis of Cholecystitis/Cholethiasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Treatment of Cholecystitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Treatment of Cholethiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Clostridium Difficile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Food-Borne Illnesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Pharmacology for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Chapter 11: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Treating Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Compartment Syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Osteomyelitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Treatment of Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Gout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Treatment of the Client with Gout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Rheumatoid Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Musculoskeletal Surgical Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Fractured Hip and Hip Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Total Knee Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Amputations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Assistive Devices for Ambulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Crutches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Canes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Walkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Pharmacology for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Chapter 12: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

The Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Pituitary Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Tumors of the Pituitary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Thyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Hyperthyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Parathyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Hypoparathyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Hyperparathyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Adrenal Gland Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Adrenocortical Hypersecretion (Cushing’s Syndrome) or Cushing’s Disease. . . . . 219

Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Chapter 13: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Medications Used to Treat Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Heart Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Toxicity to Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Malfunction of the Conduction System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Management of Myocardial Infarction Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Inflammatory Diseases of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Infective Endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Pericarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Buerger’s Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Thrombophlebitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Raynaud’s Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Aneurysms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Congestive Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Chapter 14: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Neurological System . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Types of Seizures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Treatment of Seizure Clients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Status Epilepticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Brain Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Epidural Hematomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Subdural Hematoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Treatment of Epidural and Subdural Hematomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Increased Intracranial Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Treatment of ICP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Neurological Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Cranial Nerve Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Glasgow Coma Scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Intracranial Pressure Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Care of the Client with Intracranial Surgery (Craniotomy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Cerebrovascular Accident/Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Spinal Cord Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Potential Complications with SCI Clients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Guillain-Barré . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Treating Clients with Guillian-Barré. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Degenerative Neurological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Pharmacology for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Chapter 15: Caring for the Client with Psychiatric Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Anxiety Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Generalized Anxiety Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Panic Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Specific Phobia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Trauma Related Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Dissociative Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Dissociative Identity Disorder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Somatic Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Personality Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Managing Clients with Personality Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Psychotic Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Bipolar Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Substance Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Alcoholism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Other Commonly Abused Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Disruptive, Control, and Conduct Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Neurodevelopmental Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Eating Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

Chapter 16: Caring for the Maternal/Infant Client. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Signs of Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Presumptive Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Probable Signs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Positive Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Prenatal Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Prenatal Diet and Weight Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Alpha-Fetoprotein Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Other Prenatal Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Assessing Fetal Heart Tones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Ultrasonography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Signs of Complications of Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Types of Abortions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Complications Affecting Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Diabetes in Pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Preeclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Cord Prolapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Abruptio Placenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Placenta Previa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Maternal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Preterm Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

Intrapartal Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

Stages of Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Phases of Labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Important Terms You Should Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Prelabor Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Fetal Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

Pharmacologic Management of Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

Postpartum Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Terms Associated with the Normal Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Rh Incompatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Contraception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Chapter 17: Caring for the Pediatric Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Growth and Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

Infant (28 Days to 1 Year) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

Toddler (1–3 Years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

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Pearson IT Certification Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

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Privacy Notice

Overview

Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about Pearson IT Certification products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information

To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

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Contests and Drawings

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Newsletters

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Service Announcements

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Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information

Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

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Security

Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children

This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing

Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information

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Sale of Personal Information

Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents

California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure

Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

As required by law.
With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links

This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact

Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice

We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020

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