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NCLEX-PN Exam Cram, 5th Edition
- By Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd
- Published May 12, 2017 by Pearson IT Certification. Part of the Exam Cram series.
Book
- Sorry, this book is no longer in print.
Description
- Copyright 2017
- Dimensions: 7" x 9-1/8"
- Pages: 608
- Edition: 5th
- Book
- ISBN-10: 0-7897-5833-4
- ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-5833-0
The NCLEX-PN Exam Cram, Fifth Edition provides concise coverage of all the topics a candidate needs to study for the practical nurse licensing exam. Completely updated for 2017 changes to the exam, it replaces the popular previous editions that filled a unique late-stage study need for nursing students as well as graduates preparing for the NCLEX PN® exam. The NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Fifth Edition blends the ideal level of discussion, drawings, tables and case studies into an easily digestible format for study. Unlike other review books which require a great deal of reading, the NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Fifth Edition offers the student concise information on key nursing content, including nursing skills, pharmacology, and nutrition. Helpful aids such as the cram sheet, notes, tips, and exam alerts, are included throughout the book.
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Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................... xxi
Welcome to the NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram .................................................................xxi
Taking the Computerized Adaptive Test .....................................................................xxii
The Cost of the Exam ...................................................................................................xxii
How to Prepare for the Exam ......................................................................................xxiii
How to Use This Book .................................................................................................xxiii
About the Book .............................................................................................................. xxv
Contact the Authors ....................................................................................................... xxv
Self-Assessment .............................................................................................................. xxv
Companion Website ..................................................................................................... xxvi
Accessing the Pearson Test Prep Software and Questions ........................................xxvii
Self-Assessment ............................................................................................... 1
Testing Your Exam Readiness .......................................................................................... 2
Chapter 1 Preparing for the National Council Exam for Licensed Practical Nurses................ 3
Preparing for the Exam .................................................................................................... 4
The Computer Adaptive Test ................................................................................. 4
Testing Strategies .................................................................................................... 5
Reading the Question Carefully .............................................................................. 6
Look for Keywords .................................................................................................. 6
Watch for Specific Details ...................................................................................... 6
Exam Prep Questions ....................................................................................................... 9
Answer Rationales ........................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 2 Simplifying Pharmacology .....................................................................13
Pharmacology .................................................................................................................. 14
Three Areas of Pharmacology ............................................................................... 14
How Nurses Work with Pharmacology ......................................................................... 15
Time-Released Drugs ............................................................................................ 16
Administering Medications ................................................................................... 17
Understanding and Identifying the Various Drugs ....................................................... 18
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ........................................................ 18
Beta Adrenergic Blockers ...................................................................................... 19
Anti-Infectives (Aminoglycosides) ......................................................................... 20
Benzodiazepines (Anticonvulsants/Antianxiety) ................................................... 22
Phenothiazines (Antipsychotic/Antiemetic) .......................................................... 24
Glucocorticoids ...................................................................................................... 25
Antivirals ................................................................................................................ 26
Cholesterol-Lowering Agents ............................................................................... 28
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ............................................................................. 29
Histamine 2 Antagonists ........................................................................................ 30
Proton Pump Inhibitors ........................................................................................ 31
Anticoagulants ........................................................................................................ 32
More Drug Identification Helpers ........................................................................ 33
Herbals ............................................................................................................................ 34
Drug Schedules ............................................................................................................... 35
Pregnancy Categories for Drugs .................................................................................... 35
Exam Prep Questions ..................................................................................................... 36
Answer Rationales ........................................................................................................... 38
Suggested Reading and Resources ................................................................................. 40
Chapter 3 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Respiratory System .........................41
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ....................................................................... 42
Chronic Bronchitis ................................................................................................ 42
Emphysema ............................................................................................................ 42
Asthma .................................................................................................................... 43
Acute Respiratory Infections .......................................................................................... 44
Pneumonia ............................................................................................................. 44
Pleurisy ................................................................................................................... 45
Tuberculosis ........................................................................................................... 46
Influenza ................................................................................................................. 47
Acute Respiratory Failure ............................................................................................... 48
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome .................................................................. 48
Pulmonary Embolus .............................................................................................. 48
Emerging Infections ....................................................................................................... 50
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ..................................................................... 50
Legionnaire’s Disease ............................................................................................ 51
Diagnostic Tests for Review ........................................................................................... 52
Pharmacology Categories for Review ............................................................................ 52
Exam Prep Questions ..................................................................................................... 53
Answer Rationales ........................................................................................................... 55
Suggested Reading and Resources ................................................................................. 56
Chapter 4 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Renal and Genitourinary System .........57
Acute Glomerulonephritis .............................................................................................. 58
Chronic Glomerulonephritis .......................................................................................... 59
End Stage Renal Disease ................................................................................................ 60
Peritoneal Dialysis ................................................................................................. 60
Hemodialysis .......................................................................................................... 60
Renal Transplantation ........................................................................................... 61
Nephrotic Syndrome ...................................................................................................... 61
Urinary Calculi................................................................................................................ 62
Urinary Tract Infections................................................................................................. 63
Genitourinary Disorders ................................................................................................. 63
Prostatitis ............................................................................................................... 64
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ......................................................................................... 64
Bladder Cancer ................................................................................................................ 66
Diagnostic Tests for Review ........................................................................................... 67
Pharmacology Categories for Review ............................................................................ 67
Exam Prep Questions ..................................................................................................... 68
Answer Rationales ........................................................................................................... 70
Suggested Reading and Resources ................................................................................. 71
Chapter 5 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Hematopoietic System .....................73
Anemia ............................................................................................................................. 74
Pernicious Anemia ................................................................................................. 74
Aplastic Anemia ..................................................................................................... 75
Sickle Cell Anemia ................................................................................................. 76
Iron Deficiency Anemia ......................................................................................... 77
Cooley’s Anemia (Thalassemia Major) ................................................................. 77
Hemophilia ...................................................................................................................... 77
Polycythemia Vera .......................................................................................................... 78
Diagnostic Tests for Review ........................................................................................... 79
Pharmacology for Review ............................................................................................... 79
Exam Prep Questions ..................................................................................................... 80
Answer Rationales ........................................................................................................... 82
Suggested Reading and Resources ................................................................................. 83
Chapter 6 Caring for the Client with Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Acid/Base Balance ..............................................................................85
Basic Knowledge of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance ....................................................... 86
Regulation of pH and Its Effect on Fluid and Electrolytes .......................................... 87
How the Body Regulates pH ................................................................................ 87
Metabolic Acidosis .......................................................................................................... 87
Causes of Metabolic Acidosis ................................................................................ 87
Symptoms of Metabolic Acidosis .......................................................................... 88
Care of the Client with Metabolic Acidosis ......................................................... 88
Respiratory Acidosis ........................................................................................................ 89
Causes of Respiratory Acidosis .............................................................................. 89
Symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis ........................................................................ 90
Caring for the Client with Respiratory Acidosis .................................................. 90
Metabolic Alkalosis ......................................................................................................... 91
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis ............................................................................... 91
Symptoms of Metabolic Alkalosis ......................................................................... 91
Caring for the Client with Metabolic Alkalosis .................................................... 92
Respiratory Alkalosis ....................................................................................................... 92
Symptoms of Respiratory Alkalosis ....................................................................... 92
Care of the Client with Respiratory Alkalosis ...................................................... 93
Normal Electrolyte Values ............................................................................................. 93
Changes Associated with Aging ...................................................................................... 94
Exam Prep Questions ..................................................................................................... 96
Answer Rationales ........................................................................................................... 98
Suggested Reading and Resources ................................................................................. 99
Chapter 7 Caring for the Client with Burns ............................................................ 101
Burn Classifications ....................................................................................................... 102
Burn Measurement with TBSA ........................................................................... 104
Nursing Care for Burn Victims .................................................................................... 105
The Resuscitative (Emergent) Phase .................................................................. 106
The Acute (Intermediate) Phase ......................................................................... 110
Dressings for Burns ............................................................................................. 111
The Rehabilitative Phase ..................................................................................... 112
Diagnostic Tests for Review ......................................................................................... 112
Pharmacology Categories for Review .......................................................................... 112
Exam Prep Questions ................................................................................................... 114
Answer Rationales ......................................................................................................... 116
Suggested Reading and Resources ............................................................................... 117
Chapter 8 Caring for the Client with Sensorineural Disorders...................................... 119
Disorders of the Eyes .................................................................................................... 120
Intraocular Disorders ........................................................................................... 120
Retinal Disorders ................................................................................................. 123
Refractive Errors .................................................................................................. 125
Traumatic Injuries ............................................................................................... 126
Visual Tests for Review ................................................................................................ 127
Pharmacology Categories for Review .......................................................................... 127
Ear Disorders ................................................................................................................ 127
Otitis Externa ....................................................................................................... 128
Otitis Media ......................................................................................................... 128
Meniere’s Disease ................................................................................................ 128
Otosclerosis .......................................................................................................... 129
Presbycusis ........................................................................................................... 129
Ear Trauma .......................................................................................................... 130
Assisting Clients with Hearing Loss ............................................................................ 130
Diagnostic Tests for Review ......................................................................................... 130
Pharmacology Categories for Review .......................................................................... 131
Exam Prep Questions ................................................................................................... 132
Answer Rationales ......................................................................................................... 134
Suggested Reading and Resources ............................................................................... 135
Chapter 9 Caring for the Client with Cancer ........................................................... 137
Cancer ........................................................................................................................... 138
American Cancer Society’s Seven Warning Signs of Cancer ............................ 138
The Four Major Categories of Cancer ............................................................... 138
Risk Factors for Specific Cancers ........................................................................ 139
Cancer Prevention ............................................................................................... 140
Patient Teaching .................................................................................................. 141
Management of the Client with Cancer ...................................................................... 141
Radiation .............................................................................................................. 142
Chemotherapy ..................................................................................................... 143
Bone Marrow Transplantation and Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT) ..................... 145
Types of Transplants ........................................................................................... 145
Nursing Care After Transplantation .................................................................. 146
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma .................................................................................................. 147
Diagnosis of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma ................................................................... 147
Prognosis of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma ................................................................... 148
Treatment of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma .................................................................. 148
Diagnostic Tests for Review ......................................................................................... 148
Pharmacology for Review ............................................................................................. 149
Exam Prep Questions ................................................................................................... 151
Answer Rationales ......................................................................................................... 153
Suggested Reading and Resources ............................................................................... 154
Chapter 10 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System ................ 155
Ulcers ............................................................................................................................. 156
Types of Ulcers .................................................................................................... 156
Treatment of Ulcers ............................................................................................ 157
Inflammatory Bowel Disorders .................................................................................... 159
Crohn’s Disease (Regional Enteritis) .................................................................. 159
Ulcerative Colitis ................................................................................................. 160
Diverticulitis .................................................................................................................. 161
Diagnosis of Diverticulitis ................................................................................... 161
Treatment of Diverticulitis ................................................................................. 161
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) .................................................................. 162
Diseases Associated with the Liver ............................................................................... 163
Hepatitis ............................................................................................................... 163
Cirrhosis ............................................................................................................... 168
Pancreatitis ........................................................................................................... 170
Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis .......................................................................................... 172
Symptoms of Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis .................................................... 172
Diagnosis of Cholecystitis/Cholethiasis .............................................................. 173
Treatment of Cholecystitis .................................................................................. 173
Treatment of Cholethiasis ................................................................................... 173
Clostridium Difficile ..................................................................................................... 174
Food-Borne Illnesses .................................................................................................... 175
Diagnostic Tests for Review ......................................................................................... 176
Pharmacology for Review ............................................................................................. 176
Exam Prep Questions ................................................................................................... 178
Answer Rationales ......................................................................................................... 180
Suggested Reading and Resources ............................................................................... 181
Chapter 11 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System................ 183
Fractures ........................................................................................................................ 184
Treating Fractures ............................................................................................... 184
Compartment Syndrome ..................................................................................... 187
Osteomyelitis ....................................................................................................... 188
Osteoporosis .................................................................................................................. 189
Treatment of Osteoporosis ................................................................................. 190
Gout ............................................................................................................................... 190
Treatment of the Client with Gout .................................................................... 191
Rheumatoid Arthritis .................................................................................................... 191
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis .................................................................... 192
Musculoskeletal Surgical Procedures ........................................................................... 193
Fractured Hip and Hip Replacement ................................................................. 193
Total Knee Replacement ..................................................................................... 194
Amputations ......................................................................................................... 195
Assistive Devices for Ambulation ................................................................................. 196
Crutches ............................................................................................................... 197
Canes .................................................................................................................... 197
Walkers ................................................................................................................ 198
Diagnostic Tests for Review ......................................................................................... 198
Pharmacology for Review ............................................................................................. 199
Exam Prep Questions ................................................................................................... 201
Answer Rationales ......................................................................................................... 203
Suggested Reading and Resources ............................................................................... 204
Chapter 12 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Endocrine System ....................... 205
The Endocrine System ................................................................................................. 206
Pituitary Disorders ........................................................................................................ 206
Tumors of the Pituitary ....................................................................................... 207
Thyroid Disorders ........................................................................................................ 209
Hypothyroidism ................................................................................................... 209
Hyperthyroidism .................................................................................................. 210
Parathyroid Disorders ................................................................................................... 212
Hypoparathyroidism ............................................................................................ 212
Hyperparathyroidism ........................................................................................... 213
Adrenal Gland Disorders .............................................................................................. 214
Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease) ............................................... 214
Adrenocortical Hypersecretion (Cushing’s Syndrome) or Cushing’s Disease .............................................................................................. 215
Diabetes Mellitus .......................................................................................................... 215
Diagnostic Tests for Review ......................................................................................... 219
Pharmacology Categories for Review .......................................................................... 219
Exam Prep Questions ................................................................................................... 220
Answer Rationales ......................................................................................................... 222
Suggested Reading and Resources ............................................................................... 223
Chapter 13 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Cardiovascular System ................. 225
Hypertension ................................................................................................................. 226
Medications Used to Treat Hypertension .......................................................... 227
Heart Block ................................................................................................................... 227
Toxicity to Medications ....................................................................................... 229
Malfunction of the Conduction System .............................................................. 229
Myocardial Infarction ................................................................................................... 230
Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction .................................................................... 231
Management of Myocardial Infarction Clients .................................................. 232
Inflammatory Diseases of the Heart ............................................................................ 235
Infective Endocarditis .......................................................................................... 235
Pericarditis ........................................................................................................... 235
Buerger’s Disease .......................................................................................................... 236
Thrombophlebitis ......................................................................................................... 236
Raynaud’s Syndrome ..................................................................................................... 237
Aneurysms ..................................................................................................................... 237
Congestive Heart Failure.............................................................................................. 238
Diagnostic Tests for Review ............................................................................... 238
Pharmacology Categories for Review .......................................................................... 239
Exam Prep Questions ................................................................................................... 240
Answer Rationales ......................................................................................................... 242
Suggested Reading and Resources ............................................................................... 243
Chapter 14 Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Neurological System .................... 245
Seizures .......................................................................................................................... 246
Types of Seizures ................................................................................................. 246
Treatment of Seizure Clients .............................................................................. 248
Status Epilepticus .......................................................................................................... 249
Brain Injuries ................................................................................................................. 249
Epidural Hematomas ........................................................................................... 250
Subdural Hematoma ............................................................................................ 250
Treatment of Epidural and Subdural Hematomas ............................................. 250
Increased Intracranial Pressure..................................................................................... 251
Treatment of ICP ................................................................................................ 253
Neurological Assessment .............................................................................................. 253
Cranial Nerve Assessment ................................................................................... 254
Glasgow Coma Scale ........................................................................................... 255
Intracranial Pressure Monitors ............................................................................ 256
Care of the Client with Intracranial Surgery (Craniotomy) ....................................... 256
Cerebrovascular Accident/Stroke ................................................................................. 257
Spinal Cord Injury ........................................................................................................ 258
Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries ..................................................................... 259
Potential Complications with SCI Clients ......................................................... 260
Guillain-Barré ............................................................................................................... 261
Treating Clients with Guillian-Barré ................................................................. 261
Degenerative Neurological Disorders .......................................................................... 261
Diagnostic Tests for Review ......................................................................................... 263
Pharmacology for Review ............................................................................................. 263
Exam Prep Questions ................................................................................................... 265
Answer Rationales ......................................................................................................... 267
Suggested Reading and Resources ............................................................................... 268
Chapter 15 Caring for the Client with Psychiatric Disorders ........................................ 269
Anxiety Disorders .......................................................................................................... 270
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ............................................................................. 271
Panic Disorder ..................................................................................................... 271
Specific Phobia ..................................................................................................... 271
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ......................................................................... 272
Trauma-Related Disorders ........................................................................................... 272
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ............................................................................. 273
Dissociative Disorders .................................................................................................. 273
Dissociative Identity Disorder ............................................................................. 274
Somatic Disorder ................................................................................................. 274
Personality Disorders .................................................................................................... 274
Paranoid Personality Disorder ............................................................................ 275
Schizoid Personality Disorder ............................................................................. 275
Schizotypal Personality Disorder ........................................................................ 275
Histrionic Personality Disorder .......................................................................... 276
Narcissistic Personality Disorder ........................................................................ 276
Antisocial Personality Disorder ........................................................................... 276
Borderline Personality Disorder ......................................................................... 277
Avoidant Personality Disorder ............................................................................ 277
Dependent Personality Disorder ........................................................................ 277
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder ...................................................... 277
Managing Clients with Personality Disorders .................................................... 278
Psychotic Disorders ...................................................................................................... 278
Schizophrenia ....................................................................................................... 278
Bipolar Disorders ................................................................................................. 281
Substance Abuse ............................................................................................................ 283
Alcoholism ............................................................................................................ 283
Other Commonly Abused Substances ................................................................ 286
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence .................................................................... 288
Disruptive, Control, and Conduct Disorders ..................................................... 288
Neurodevelopmental Disorders .......................................................................... 289
Eating Disorders .................................................................................................. 290
Diagnostic Tests for Review ......................................................................................... 291
Pharmacology Categories for Review .......................................................................... 291
Exam Prep Questions ................................................................................................... 292
Answer Rationales ......................................................................................................... 294
Suggested Reading and Resources ............................................................................... 295
Chapter 16 Caring for the Maternal/Infant Client ..................................................... 297
Signs of Pregnancy ........................................................................................................ 298
Presumptive Signs ................................................................................................ 298
Probable Signs ..................................................................................................... 298
Positive Signs ....................................................................................................... 299
Prenatal Care ................................................................................................................. 299
Prenatal Diet and Weight Maintenance ............................................................. 299
Alpha-Fetoprotein Screening .............................................................................. 299
Other Prenatal Diagnostic Tests ........................................................................ 300
Assessing Fetal Heart Tones ............................................................................... 301
Ultrasonography .................................................................................................. 301
Signs of Complications of Pregnancy .......................................................................... 301
Types of Abortions ....................................................................................................... 302
Complications Affecting Pregnancy ............................................................................. 303
Diabetes in Pregnancy ......................................................................................... 303
Preeclampsia ........................................................................................................ 304
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation ............................................................ 305
Cord Prolapse ...................................................................................................... 305
Abruptio Placenta ................................................................................................ 305
Placenta Previa ..................................................................................................... 305
Maternal Infections ....................................................................................................... 306
Preterm Labor ............................................................................................................... 308
Intrapartal Care ............................................................................................................. 309
Stages of Labor .................................................................................................... 309
Phases of Labor .................................................................................................... 310
Important Terms You Should Know .................................................................. 310
Prelabor Testing ........................................................................................................... 311
Fetal Monitoring ........................................................................................................... 312
Pharmacologic Management of Labor ......................................................................... 314
Postpartum Care ........................................................................................................... 315
Terms Associated with the Normal Newborn ............................................................. 315
Rh Incompatibility ........................................................................................................ 316
Contraception ............................................................................................................... 317
Diagnostic Tests for Review ......................................................................................... 318
Pharmacology Categories for Review .......................................................................... 319
Exam Prep Questions ................................................................................................... 320
Answer Rationales ......................................................................................................... 322
Suggested Reading and Resources ............................................................................... 323
Chapter 17 Caring for the Pediatric Client ............................................................. 325
Growth and Development ............................................................................................ 326
Infant (28 Days to 1 Year) ................................................................................... 326
Toddler (1—3 Years) ............................................................................................. 328
NCLEX-PN Exam Cram, Fifth Edition
Preschooler (3—5 Years) ....................................................................................... 329
School Age (6—12 Years) ...................................................................................... 330
Adolescence (12—18 Years) .................................................................................. 331
Congenital Anomalies ................................................................................................... 331
Anomalies of the Gastrointestinal System .......................................................... 332
Anomalies of the Musculoskeltal System ............................................................ 336
Anomalies of the Cardiovascular System ............................................................ 338
Inborn Errors of Metabolism .............................................................................. 341
Respiratory Disorders ................................................................................................... 342
Acute Otitis Media ............................................................................................... 343
Tonsillitis ............................................................................................................. 344
Laryngotracheobronchitis ................................................................................... 345
Acute Epiglottitis ................................................................................................. 345
Bronchiolitis ......................................................................................................... 346
Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis) ......................................................................... 347
Gastrointestinal Disorders ............................................................................................ 347
Gastroenteritis ..................................................................................................... 348
Pyloric Stenosis .................................................................................................... 348
Intussusception ..................................................................................................... 348
Celiac Disease (Gluten-Induced Enteropathy, Celiac Sprue) ............................ 349
Cardiovascular Disorders .............................................................................................. 349
Rheumatic Fever .................................................................................................. 349
Kawasaki Disease (Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome) .......................... 350
Musculoskeletal Disorders ............................................................................................ 352
Scoliosis ................................................................................................................ 352
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (Coxa Plana) ......................................................... 353
Muscular Dystrophies .......................................................................................... 353
Childhood Cancer ......................................................................................................... 354
Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma) ....................................................................... 354
Leukemia .............................................................................................................. 354
Osteogenic Sarcoma (Osteosarcoma) .................................................................. 354
Ingestion of Hazardous Substances .............................................................................. 355
Salicylate Overdose .............................................................................................. 355
Acetaminophen Overdose.................................................................................... 355
Lead Poisoning (Plumbism) ................................................................................ 355
Iron Poisoning ..................................................................................................... 356
Diagnostic Tests for Review ......................................................................................... 356
Pharmacology Categories for Review .......................................................................... 357
Exam Prep Questions ................................................................................................... 358
Answer Rationales ......................................................................................................... 360
Suggested Reading and Resources ............................................................................... 361
Practice Exam 1 ............................................................................................. 363
Answers to Practice Exam 1 .............................................................................. 407
Practice Exam 2 ............................................................................................. 429
Answers to Practice Exam 2 .............................................................................. 471
Appendix A Things You Forgot ........................................................................... 493
Appendix B Need to Know More?........................................................................ 501
Appendix C Calculations .................................................................................. 509
Glossary ...................................................................................................... 513