SPHR Exam Prep: Senior Professional in Human Resources, 3rd Edition

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SPHR Exam Prep: Senior Professional in Human Resources, 3rd Edition

By Cathy Winterfield
Published Dec 22, 2015 by Pearson IT Certification. Part of the Exam Prep series.

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Features

The only SPHR-centric book, with SPHR-specific objectives
Features Exam Alerts that highlight critical exam information with several hundred practice questions in the book
Features a CD complete with SPHR practice exams that allow for critical practice opportunities and a computer testing experience that mimics a real PHR testing environment.

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Description

Copyright 2016
Dimensions: 8-3/8" x 10-7/8"
Pages: 688
Edition: 3rd

EPUB (Watermarked)
ISBN-10: 0-13-406028-8
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-406028-6

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Comprehensive discussion of all six functional areas covered on the SPHR Exam
Practice Questions that include detailed explanations of correct and incorrect answers–so you can learn the material from your success and mistakes

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CATHY LEE PANTANO WINTERFIELD, MBA, MSHE, SPHR, ACC, is President of NovaCore Performance Solutions, a firm dedicated to enhancing individual and team workplace performance. She has more than 25 years of experience in HR, training, consulting, management, and coaching for businesses, non-profits, and governmental entities. She previously served as Director of Human Resource Management Programs for Cornell University’s School of Industrial and Labor Relations. Winterfield has presented on many HR and management development topics, and co-authored more than a dozen online courses in these fields. Her books include Performance Appraisals and Mission-Driven Interviewing, as well as the Pearson IT Certification book PHR Exam Prep, Third Edition.

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Sample Content

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
    About the SPHR Credential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
    Composition of SPHR Exam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
    About This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Information About the SPHR Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
    Accreditation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
    SPHR Exam Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
    SPHR Exam Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
    Frequently Asked Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii
    Study and Exam Prep Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv
    Learning Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv
    General Study Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
    SPHR-Specific Information, Study, and Test-Taking Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix
    Contacting the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxii

Chapter 1: Business Management and Strategy (BM & S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Evolving Role of HR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
    A Brief Historical Scan of HR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
    HR As It Was, and HR As It Is (or Can Be) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
    SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) . . . . . . . 3
Environmental Scanning: An External Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
    External Trends: Things to Keep an Eye On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Strategic Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
    Strategic Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
    The HR Impact Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
    The Dimensions of HR: The Three Legs of a Stool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
    The HR Professional as Internal Consultant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
    HR Audits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Other HR Measurement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
    Balanced Scorecard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
    HR’s Role in Change Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
    Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
    B.F. Skinner, Operant Conditioning, 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
    Frederick Herzberg, Motivation-Hygiene Theory, 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
    Douglas McGregor, Theory X and Theory Y, 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
    David McClelland, Acquired Needs Theory, 1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
    J. Stacy Adams, Equity Theory, 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
    Victor Vroom, Expectancy Theory, 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
    Nonmathematical Forecasting Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
    Mathematical Forecasting Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Legislative Framework, Considerations, and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
    How a Bill Becomes a Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
    Be Heard—Reach Out to Your Elected Officials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
    Stay Informed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
What Is Ethics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
    HR’s Role in Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
    Why Ethics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
    Cultivating an Ethical Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Leadership Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
    Trait Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
    Behavioral Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
    Situational Leadership Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
    Contingency Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
    Management and Leadership: Bridging the Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
    Project Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
    Competitive Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
    Business Case Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
    Organizational Branding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
    Functions Often Outsourced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
    Request for Proposal (RFP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Organizational Structure and HR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
    The “Roots” of Organizational Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
    The Functional Organizational Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
    The Divisional Organizational Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
    The Matrix Organizational Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
    Other Organizational Design Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
    The Organizational Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
    HR Technology Concerns/Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
    Selecting an HRIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
    Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
    Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
    Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
    Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
    Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
    Answers to Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
    Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
    Additional Questions for Consideration/Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
    Suggested Readings and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Chapter 2: Workforce Planning and Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Relevant Laws and Executive Orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
    Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
    EEO Reporting Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
    Executive Order 11246, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
    Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
    Governing EEO Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
    Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
    Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
    Equal Employment Opportunity Act, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
    Rehabilitation Act, 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
    Pregnancy Discrimination Act, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
    Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
    Drug-Free Workplace Act, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
    Employee Polygraph Protection Act, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
    Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARNA), 1988 . . . . . . 95
    Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
    Civil Rights Act of 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
    Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
    Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA), 1994 . . . . . . 100
    Congressional Accountability Act, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
    Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
    Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
    Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Relevant Case Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
    Griggs v. Duke Power, 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
    McDonnell Douglas Corp v. Green, 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
    Albemarle Paper v. Moody, 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
    Washington v. Davis, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
    Regents of California v. Bakke, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
    United Steelworkers v. Weber, 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
    Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
    Johnson v. Santa Clara County Transportation Agency, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
    Martin v. Wilks, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
    Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
    Harris v. Forklift Systems, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
    Taxman v. Board of Education of Piscataway, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
    St. Mary’s Honor Center v. Hicks, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
    McKennon v. Nashville Banner Publishing Co., 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
    Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 1998, and Ellerth v. Burlington Northern Industries, 1998 . . . . . . 106
    Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
    Kolstad v. American Dental Association, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
    Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
    Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
    General Dynamics Land Systems v. Cline, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
    Ricci v. DeStefano, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
    Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc., 2015 . . . . . . . 107
Legal Concepts/Definitions Relevant to Workplace Planning and Employment . . 108
    Equal Employment Opportunity: The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
    Key EEO-Related Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
    Federal, State, and Local Jurisdictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
    Filing Charges: Time Limits and Related Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
    EEOC—Handling Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
    EEOC Determinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
    EEO—Going to Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
    Job Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
    Job Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
    Job Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Recruiting Candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
    Employer Branding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
    Relevant Labor Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
    Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
    Internal and External Recruiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
    Request for Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
    Preemployment Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
    Measuring Recruiting Costs and Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
The Selection Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
    The Employment Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
    Interviews and the Interview Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
    Realistic Job Previews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Background Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Employment: Extending the Offer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
    Tips for Extending an Employment Offer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
    Employment Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Negotiating the Offer of Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Onboarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
    The Importance of New Hire Paperwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Termination: The End of the Employment Life Cycle…or Is It? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
    Involuntary Terminations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
    Voluntary Terminations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
    Constructive Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Exit Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Severance Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Affirmative Action Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
    Executive Order 11246 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
    Vietnam Era Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act, 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Compensation and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
    Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
    Equal Pay Act, 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
    Compensation Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Documentation Strategies for HR Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
    Applicant Flow Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
    Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
    Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
    Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
    Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
    Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
    Answers to Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
    Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
    Additional Questions for Consideration/Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
    Suggested Readings and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Chapter 3: Human Resource Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Understanding HRD-Related Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
    U.S. Patent Act, 1790. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
    Copyright Act of 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
    Public Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
    Fair Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
    Common Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
    Negligent Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
ADDIE: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
    ADDIE: “A” Is for Analysis/Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
    ADDIE: “D” Is for Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
    The Adult Learner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
    Learning Styles: How We Learn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
    Learning Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
    Retaining What Is Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
    Environmental Factors/Elements to Consider—“Brick and Mortar” Classroom Learning . . . . . . . 225
    ADDIE: “D” Is for Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
    ADDIE: “I” Is for Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
    ADDIE: “E” Is for Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
    Elements of OD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
    Purposes of OD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
    Role of HR Professionals in OD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
    OD and Organizational Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Career Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Leadership Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
    High-Potential Employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
    Dual Career Ladders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
    Succession Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
    Talent Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
    Teambuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
    Specific OD Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Performance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
    Performance Management: Its Organizational Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
    The Performance Management Process/System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Coaching and Mentoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
    Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
    Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
    Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
    Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
    Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
    Answers to Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
    Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
    Additional Questions for Consideration/Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
    Suggested Readings and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Chapter 4: Compensation and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 275
Worker’s Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
    Davis-Bacon Act, 1931 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
    Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act, 1936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
    Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
    Portal-to-Portal Act, 1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
    Equal Pay Act, 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
    Social Security Act, 1935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
    Unemployment Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
    Medicare, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
    Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
    Revenue Act, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
    Retirement Equity Act (REA), 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
    Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA), 1985 . . . . . . . . 293
    Older Worker’s Benefit Protection Act (OWBPA), 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
    Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 1996 . . . . . . . 295
    Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
    Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA), 1994 . . . . . . . . . 304
    Mental Health Parity Act, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
    Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
    Pension Protection Act, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
    Family and Medical Leave Act and National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2008, 2008 . . . 306
    Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
    Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
    A (Foundational) Footnote: Employee or Independent Contractor? . . . . . . . . 314
Compensation: Building and Using Pay Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
    Elements of Pay Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
    Using Pay Structures for Decision-Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
    Other Key Compensation Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
    Retirement Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
    Health and Welfare Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
    Pay for Time Not Worked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
    Work-Life Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
    Employee Assistance Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Executive Compensation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Compensation: Job Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
    Nonquantitative Job Evaluation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
    Quantitative Job Evaluation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Market Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
    Market Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
    Base Pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
    Merit Pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
    Variable Pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
    Making the Connection to Compensation Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
    Fiduciary Responsibility Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
    Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
    Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
    Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
    Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
    Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
    Answers to Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
    Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
    Additional Questions for Consideration/Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
    Suggested Readings and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Chapter 5: Employee and Labor Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Laws Governing Employee Relations and Labor Relations . . . . . . . 362
    Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
    Clayton Act, 1914. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
    Railway Labor Act, 1926 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
    Norris-LaGuardia Act, 1932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
    National Industrial Recovery Act, 1933 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
    National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), 1935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
    Labor Management Relations Act (Taft-Hartley Act), 1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
    Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (Landrum-Griffin Act), 1959 . . . . . . . 368
    Federal Labor Relations Statute, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
    Relevant Case Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Employee Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
    Employee Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
    Focus Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
    Employee Participation Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
    Open-Door Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
    Suggestion Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
    Management by Walking Around . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
    Town Hall/Department/Staff Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
    Employee Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
    Internal Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
    Organizational Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Employee Involvement and Employee Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
    Employee Communication Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Measuring Employee Relations Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
    Quantitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
    Qualitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
    Turnover Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
    Absenteeism (Particularly Unplanned) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
    Work-Related Accidents/Injuries/”Preventable” Illnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
    Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
    Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
    Customer Satisfaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
    Employee Survey Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
    Return on Investment(ROI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Employee Handbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Progressive Discipline as Employee Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Collective Bargaining: The Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
    Unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
    How Unions Are Structured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
    Union Organizing (The Organizing Process) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
    Good Faith Bargaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
    Subjects of Bargaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
    Approaches to Collective Bargaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Collective Bargaining Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
    Typical Provisions of Collective Bargaining Agreements (Excluding Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures) .. . . . 406
Contract Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
    Discipline and Discharge and Grievance Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
    Grievance Handling and Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
    Protected Concerted Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
    Labor Strikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
    Union Decertification and Deauthorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Common Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
    Common Law—Tort Doctrines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
    Common Law—Contract Doctrines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
    Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
    Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
    Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
    Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
    Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
    Answers to Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
    Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
    Additional Questions for Consideration/Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
    Suggested Readings and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

Chapter 6: Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 441
Key Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
    Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
    Mine Safety and Health Act, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
    Drug-Free Workplace Act, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
    USA PATRIOT Act, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
    Homeland Security Act, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
    Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Occupational Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
    Health Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
    Health and Wellness Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
    Chemical Use and Dependency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
    Work-Related Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
    Worker’s Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
    Risk Management: A Process Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
    Risk Management: Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
    Employment Practices Liability Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
    Employee Rights Related to Substance Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
    Emergency/Business Continuity Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
    Continuity of HR-Related Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
    OSHA and Workplace Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
    Safety Committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
    Cell (Smart) Phone/Driving Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
    Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
    Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
    Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
    Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
    Answers to Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
    Answers to Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
    Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
    Additional Questions for Consideration/Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
    Suggested Readings and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

Practice Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

Answers to Practice Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
    Answers at a Glance to Practice Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
    Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621

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Pearson IT Certification Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

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Privacy Notice

Overview

Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about Pearson IT Certification products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information

To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites; develop new products and services; conduct educational research; and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information

Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security

Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children

This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing

Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information

If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out

Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by Adobe Press. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.pearsonitcertification.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information

Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents

California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure

Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

As required by law.
With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links

This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact

Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice

We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020

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