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Solaris 10 System Administration Exam Prep: CX-310-200, Part I, 2nd Edition
- By Bill Calkins
- Published Sep 22, 2008 by Pearson IT Certification. Part of the Exam Prep series.
Book
- Sorry, this book is no longer in print.
Description
- Copyright 2009
- Edition: 2nd
- Book
- ISBN-10: 0-7897-3790-6
- ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-3790-8
In This Book You’ll Learn How To:
- Install and configure the Solaris 10 operating environment on SPARC and x86/x64-based platforms
- Set up, manage, back up, and recover file systems
- Execute System Boot and Shutdown Procedures for SPARC and x86/x64-based systems
- Manage services using the Service Management Facility (SMF)
- Perform User and Security Administration
- Set up and manage printers and system processes
- Perform system backup and recovery operations
“Bill’s original Cert Prep guides were used throughout Sun’s service organization as the SEs studied for Certification. This was not mandated by Sun management but happened through word-of-mouth by those software engineers who had successfully passed the exam. In this new edition, Bill adds a chapter to explain the boot process (from POST to service initialization through SMF) on both SPARC and x86 systems. All chapters have been updated to reflect the Solaris 05/08 updates including detailed coverage of the x86 platform. This new guide is still the best source I know of to study for the exam. —Brian Howard, Systems Engineer / Solaris Ambassador
WRITTEN BY A LEADING SOLARIS EXPERT!
Bill Calkins is owner and president of Pyramid Consulting, a computer training and consulting firm specializing in the implementation and administration of open systems. He works as a consultant with Sun Microsystems and has contributed extensively to the Solaris certification program and simulation technology. He also owns www.unixed.com, a website that provides online UNIX training materials. Bill has more than 20 years of experience in UNIX system administration, consulting, and training at more than 250 different companies and government agencies and has authored several books on Solaris.
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ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-3790-8
ISBN-10: 0-7897-3790-6
Sample Content
Online Sample Chapter
Solaris 10 System Administration Exam Prep: Managing System Processes
Sample Pages
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................ 1
How This Book Helps You............................................................................... 2
Conventions Used in This Book....................................................................... 4
Audience....................................................................................................... 5
The Sun Certified System Administrator Exams................................................ 5
Exam CX-310-200.......................................................................................... 6
Manage File Systems......................................................................... 6
Install Software.................................................................................. 6
Perform System Boot Procedures........................................................ 6
Perform User and Security Administration............................................ 7
Manage Network Printers and System Processes................................. 7
Perform System Backups and Restores............................................... 7
Exam CX-310-203 (Solaris 10 Upgrade Exam).................................................. 7
Summary...................................................................................................... 8
Advice on Taking the Exam............................................................................. 8
Study and Exam Prep Tips........................................................................................ 11
Learning as a Process.................................................................................. 11
Study Tips................................................................................................... 12
Study Strategies.............................................................................. 12
Pretesting Yourself........................................................................... 13
Exam Prep Tips........................................................................................... 13
Putting It All Together....................................................................... 15
Part I: Exam Preparation
chapter one
Managing File Systems............................................................................................ 21
Introduction.................................................................................................. 26
Device Drivers.............................................................................................. 26
Physical Device Name.................................................................................. 27
Device Autoconfiguration............................................................................... 33
USB Devices................................................................................................ 35
Instance Names........................................................................................... 37
Major and Minor Device Numbers................................................................... 40
Logical Device Name.................................................................................... 42
Block and Raw Devices..................................................................... 46
A File System Defined.................................................................................. 48
Defining a Disk’s Geometry........................................................................... 48
Disk Controllers................................................................................ 49
Defect List....................................................................................... 49
Disk Labels...................................................................................... 50
Partition Tables................................................................................ 51
Solaris File System Types............................................................................ 52
Disk-Based File Systems.................................................................. 52
Network-Based File Systems............................................................ 52
Virtual File Systems......................................................................... 53
Disk Slices.................................................................................................. 54
Displaying Disk Configuration Information............................................ 56
Using the format Utility to Create Slices............................................... 58
The Free Hog Slice........................................................................... 66
Using the format Utility to Modify Partitions.......................................... 66
Using the Solaris Management Console Disks Tool............................. 69
Recovering Disk Partition Information.................................................. 74
Logical Volumes............................................................................... 75
Parts of a UFS ............................................................................................ 75
The Root (/) File System............................................................................... 78
Soft (Symbolic) Links........................................................................ 83
Hard Links....................................................................................... 85
Removing a Link............................................................................... 87
Components of the UFS ............................................................................... 87
The Boot Block................................................................................ 88
The Superblock................................................................................ 88
Cylinder Groups............................................................................... 89
The inode......................................................................................... 89
The Storage Block............................................................................ 90
Free Blocks..................................................................................... 90
Creating a UFS ........................................................................................... 90
Understanding Custom File System Parameters............................................. 92
Logical Block Size............................................................................ 93
Fragment Size................................................................................. 93
Minimum Free Space........................................................................ 94
Optimization Type............................................................................ 95
Number of inodes and Bytes per inode............................................... 95
The mkfs Command........................................................................... 95
The fstyp Command.......................................................................... 98
File System Operations................................................................................ 99
Synchronizing a File System............................................................. 99
Repairing File Systems................................................................... 100
The labelit Command........................................................................ 104
The volcopy Command..................................................................... 105
Tuning File Systems................................................................................... 106
Mounting File Systems............................................................................... 108
Mounting a File System with Large Files........................................... 113
Mounting a File System with UFS Logging Enabled........................... 114
Unmounting a File System.......................................................................... 114
The fuser Command........................................................................ 115
/etc/mnttab.......................................................................................... 116
Volume Management.................................................................................. 120
Using Volume Management............................................................. 128
Troubleshooting Volume Manager..................................................... 129
Displaying a File System’s Disk Space Usage.................................. 131
Displaying Directory Size Information................................................ 135
Information on File Systems........................................................................ 136
Controlling User Disk Space Usage.................................................. 138
The quot Command.......................................................................... 139
Summary................................................................................................... 141
Key Terms..................................................................................... 141
Exercises...................................................................................... 142
Exam Questions............................................................................. 147
Answers to Review Questions.......................................................... 163
Suggested Readings and Resources............................................................ 170
chapter two
Installing the Solaris 10 Operating Environment......................................................... 171
Introduction................................................................................................ 174
Installing the Solaris 10 Software.................................................................. 174
Requirements and Preparation for Installing the Solaris 10 Software................ 175
Minimum System Requirements...................................................... 176
Software Terminology.................................................................................. 177
Software Packages......................................................................... 177
Software Groups............................................................................. 177
Solaris Media................................................................................. 179
System Configuration to Be Installed................................................ 179
Disk Storage.............................................................................................. 181
Basic Considerations for Planning Partition (Slice) Sizes.................... 183
Slice Arrangements on Multiple Disks.............................................. 184
Methods of Installing the Solaris 10 Software................................................. 185
Solaris Interactive Installation: Using the GUI..................................... 186
Solaris Interactive Installation: Using the CLI..................................... 186
JumpStart...................................................................................... 187
Custom JumpStart.......................................................................... 187
Solaris Live Upgrade....................................................................... 188
Solaris Flash Archives..................................................................... 189
WAN Boot..................................................................................... 190
Upgrading the Operating System.................................................................. 190
The Solaris Installation Prechecklist............................................................. 191
Secure by Default........................................................................... 194
Using the Interactive Installation Process (install-solaris) on a SPARC-Based System 195
Configuring Power Management....................................................... 224
Tools for Managing Software........................................................................ 225
Adding and Removing Software Packages..................................................... 226
Using a Spool Directory............................................................................... 227
Installing Software from the Command Line....................................... 229
Removing Software Using pkgrm........................................................ 229
Solaris Product Registry.................................................................. 230
Web Start Installer.......................................................................... 233
Listing and Verifying Installed Packages....................................................... 235
Software Patches....................................................................................... 237
Obtaining a Patch....................................................................................... 238
Installing a Patch............................................................................ 240
Removing a Patch........................................................................... 243
Patch Manager (smpatch).............................................................................. 244
Patch Tool................................................................................................. 249
General Guidelines..................................................................................... 251
Summary................................................................................................... 253
Key Terms..................................................................................... 253
Exercises...................................................................................... 254
Exam Questions............................................................................. 258
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 264
Suggested Readings and Resources................................................ 266
chapter three
Performing System Boot and Shutdown Procedures for SPARC, x64-, and x86-Based Systems 267
Introduction................................................................................................ 272
Booting a SPARC System........................................................................... 272
Powering on the System................................................................. 273
The Boot PROM and Program Phases.............................................. 273
The OpenBoot Environment......................................................................... 274
Entry-Level to High-End Systems..................................................... 276
Accessing the OpenBoot Environment.............................................. 276
System Console............................................................................. 277
System Control Switch.................................................................... 277
OpenBoot Firmware Tasks.............................................................. 278
The OpenBoot Architecture.......................................................................... 279
The OpenBoot Interface............................................................................... 281
Getting Help in OpenBoot............................................................................ 281
PROM Device Tree (Full Device Pathnames)................................................. 283
OpenBoot Device Aliases................................................................ 287
OpenBoot NVRAM...................................................................................... 289
The nvedit Line Editor....................................................................... 296
OpenBoot Security..................................................................................... 298
OpenBoot Diagnostics................................................................................ 300
Input and Output Control.................................................................. 305
OpenBoot PROM Versions.......................................................................... 307
Booting a SPARC System........................................................................... 307
The boot Command.......................................................................... 309
The BIOS....................................................................................... 319
GRUB............................................................................................ 320
Configuring the Video Display on the x86/x64 Platform....................... 329
The Kernel................................................................................................. 331
The init Phase............................................................................................. 335
The Service Management Facility (SMF)........................................... 337
Using the Run Control Scripts to Stop or Start Services..................... 366
System Shutdown...................................................................................... 370
Commands to Shut Down the System.............................................. 371
Stopping the System for Recovery Purposes: SPARC........................ 375
Stopping the System for Recovery Purposes: x86/x64....................... 377
Turning Off the Power to the Hardware.............................................. 377
Summary................................................................................................... 378
Key Terms..................................................................................... 378
Exercises...................................................................................... 380
Exam Questions............................................................................. 384
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 392
Suggested Readings and Resources............................................................ 397
CHAPTER four
User and Security Administration............................................................................. 399
Introduction................................................................................................ 402
Administering User Accounts....................................................................... 402
Managing User and Group Accounts with the SMC............................ 402
Managing User and Group Accounts from the Command Line............. 417
Setting Up Shell Initialization Files............................................................... 425
C Shell Initialization Files................................................................ 425
Bourne Shell Initialization Files........................................................ 426
Korn Shell Initialization Files............................................................ 426
Additional Shells Included with Solaris 10......................................... 426
Default Initialization Files................................................................. 427
Customizing User Initialization Files................................................. 428
The Home Directory........................................................................ 431
Projects......................................................................................... 432
Name Services............................................................................... 432
System Security......................................................................................... 433
Controlling Physical Security........................................................... 434
Controlling System Access............................................................. 434
Controlling File Access................................................................... 443
Access Control Lists (ACLs)........................................................................ 447
Setting ACL Entries........................................................................ 448
Checking the New File Permissions................................................. 450
Verifying ACL Entries...................................................................... 450
Copying a File’s ACL to Another File................................................ 450
Modifying ACL Entries on a File....................................................... 451
Deleting ACL Entries from a File...................................................... 451
Auditing Users................................................................................ 454
Controlling Network Security............................................................ 459
Securing Superuser Access............................................................ 466
The Secure Shell (ssh)................................................................................. 468
ASET 471
Common-Sense Security Techniques........................................................... 473
Summary................................................................................................... 474
Key Terms..................................................................................... 457
Exercises...................................................................................... 475
Exam Questions............................................................................. 480
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 489
Suggested Reading and Resources.............................................................. 492
CHAPTER five
Managing System Processes.................................................................................. 493
Introduction................................................................................................ 496
Viewing a Process...................................................................................... 496
pgrep................................................................................................ 500
prstat................................................................................................ 502
mpstat............................................................................................... 506
ptree................................................................................................. 507
time.................................................................................................. 507
Process Manager........................................................................... 508
SMC Process Tool.......................................................................... 511
pargs................................................................................................ 512
svcs................................................................................................. 514
Process Types........................................................................................... 515
Using Signals............................................................................................. 517
Scheduling Processes................................................................................ 521
Scheduling Priorities................................................................................... 522
Changing the Priority of a Time-Sharing Process with nice................... 522
Changing the Scheduling Priority of Processes with priocntl................. 524
Fair Share Scheduler (FSS) and the Fixed Scheduler (FX).................. 525
Using the Solaris Batch-Processing Facility.................................................. 525
Configuring crontab........................................................................... 525
Scheduling a Single System Event (at).............................................. 528
Job Scheduler................................................................................ 531
Summary................................................................................................... 533
Key Terms..................................................................................... 533
Exercises...................................................................................... 534
Exam Questions............................................................................. 535
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 539
Suggested Reading and Resources.............................................................. 540
Chapter six
Managing the LP Print Service................................................................................. 541
The Solaris OS Print Service (LP)................................................................. 544
The Solaris Print Service............................................................................. 544
LP Print Service Directories............................................................. 546
The Print Spooler............................................................................ 547
The LP Print Daemons.................................................................... 548
Setting Up the Printer Hardware................................................................... 550
Ethernet Connections...................................................................... 550
Parallel Connections....................................................................... 550
Serial Connections.......................................................................... 550
USB Connections........................................................................... 551
Setting Up a Network Printer ....................................................................... 551
BSD Versus SVR4 Printing Software................................................ 551
Print Servers Versus Print Clients.................................................... 553
Configuring Software for a Solaris Printer........................................... 554
Administering Printers................................................................................. 560
Deleting Printers and Managing Printer Access................................. 560
Creating Printer Classes.................................................................. 562
Checking Printer Status.................................................................. 564
Managing Printer Queues................................................................ 565
Restarting the Print Scheduler......................................................... 571
Setting a User’s Default Printer........................................................ 572
Modifying the Printer with Print Manager........................................... 572
Troubleshooting the Print Scheduler................................................. 574
Summary................................................................................................... 574
Key Terms..................................................................................... 575
Exercises...................................................................................... 576
Exam Questions............................................................................. 582
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 586
Suggested Reading and Resources.............................................................. 587
chapter Seven
Performing System Backups and Restorations.......................................................... 589
Introduction................................................................................................ 592
Backup Media............................................................................................ 592
Tape Device Names........................................................................ 593
Solaris Backup and Restoration Utilities....................................................... 595
The tar Utility.................................................................................. 595
The dd Utility.................................................................................. 597
The cpio Utility................................................................................ 599
The pax Utility................................................................................. 603
The ufsdump Utility........................................................................... 606
The ufsrestore Utility......................................................................... 612
Recovering the Root (/) or /usr File System........................................ 618
Additional Notes About Restoring Files............................................. 622
Tape Drive Control....................................................................................... 623
The UFS Snapshot Utility.............................................................................. 624
zip and unzip.............................................................................................. 629
Solaris Flash Archive.................................................................................. 629
The jar Utility.............................................................................................. 631
Summary................................................................................................... 633
Key Terms..................................................................................... 634
Exercises...................................................................................... 635
Exam Questions............................................................................. 637
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 640
Suggested Readings and Resources............................................................ 641
Part II: Final Review
Fast Facts............................................................................................................. 645
Managing File Systems............................................................................... 645
Devices and Drivers......................................................................... 646
Instance Names............................................................................. 647
File Systems.................................................................................. 647
Creating a UFS............................................................................... 650
Volume Management...................................................................... 651
Installing the Solaris 10 Operating Environment............................................. 651
Tools for Managing Software............................................................ 653
Software Patches........................................................................... 654
System Startup and Shutdown..................................................................... 655
OpenBoot Environment (SPARC Systems Only)................................ 656
The Kernel..................................................................................... 659
Commands to Shut Down the System.............................................. 661
User and Security Administration................................................................. 661
Shells and Initialization Files............................................................ 662
System Security............................................................................. 665
Protecting Data.............................................................................. 666
Access Control Lists (ACLs)............................................................ 667
Monitoring Users............................................................................ 668
Network Security............................................................................ 668
Restricting Root Access.................................................................. 669
Managing Processes.................................................................................. 669
Using the kill Command.................................................................... 670
Using the Solaris Batch-Processing Facility...................................... 671
Managing the LP Print Service..................................................................... 672
The LP Print Daemons.................................................................... 674
Performing System Backups and Restorations.............................................. 675
Practice Exam ...................................................................................................... 677
Practice Exam Questions............................................................................ 677
Answers to the Practice Exam ................................................................................ 685
Answers at a Glance to the Practice Exam................................................... 685
Part III: Appendix
Appendix
What’s on the CD-ROM .......................................................................................... 693
ExamGear, Exam Prep Edition ................................................................... 693
Glossary 695 More Information
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