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Routing and Switching Essentials v6 Companion Guide
- By Cisco Networking Academy
- Published Dec 1, 2016 by Cisco Press. Part of the Companion Guide series.
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Description
- Copyright 2017
- Dimensions: 8" x 9-1/8"
- Pages: 640
- Edition: 1st
- eBook
- ISBN-10: 0-13-466965-7
- ISBN-13: 978-0-13-466965-6
Routing and Switching Essentials v6 Companion Guide
Routing and Switching Essentials v6 Companion Guide is the official supplemental textbook for the Routing and Switching Essentials course in the Cisco Networking Academy CCNA Routing and Switching curriculum.
This course describes the architecture, components, and operations of routers and switches in a small network.
The Companion Guide is designed as a portable desk reference to use anytime, anywhere to reinforce the material from the course and organize your time.
The book’s features help you focus on important concepts to succeed in this course:
· Chapter Objectives–Review core concepts by answering the focus questions listed at the beginning of each chapter.
· Key Terms–Refer to the lists of networking vocabulary introduced and highlighted in context in each chapter.
· Glossary–Consult the comprehensive Glossary with more than 250 terms.
· Summary of Activities and Labs–Maximize your study time with this complete list of all associated practice exercises at the end of each chapter.
· Check Your Understanding–Evaluate your readiness with the end-ofchapter questions that match the style of questions you see in the online course quizzes. The answer key explains each answer.
· How To–Look for this icon to study the steps you need to learn to perform certain tasks.
· Interactive Activities–Reinforce your understanding of topics with dozens of exercises from the online course identified throughout the book with this icon.
· Packet Tracer Activities–Explore and visualize networking concepts using Packet Tracer exercises interspersed throughout the chapters and provided in the accompanying Labs & Study Guide book.
· Videos–Watch the videos embedded within the online course.
· Hands-on Labs–Work through all the course labs and additional Class Activities that are included in the course and published in the separate Labs & Study Guide.
This book is part of the Cisco Networking Academy Series from Cisco Press. Books in this series support and complement the Cisco Networking Academy curriculum.
Sample Content
Table of Contents
Introduction xxi
Chapter 1 Routing Concepts 1
Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
Introduction (1.0.1.1) 3
Router Initial Configuration (1.1) 4
Router Functions (1.1.1) 4
Characteristics of a Network (1.1.1.1) 4
Why Routing? (1.1.1.2) 6
Routers Are Computers (1.1.1.3) 7
Routers Interconnect Networks (1.1.1.4) 9
Routers Choose Best Paths (1.1.1.5) 10
Packet-Forwarding Mechanisms (1.1.1.6) 11
Connect Devices (1.1.2) 14
Connect to a Network (1.1.2.1) 14
Default Gateways (1.1.2.2) 16
Document Network Addressing (1.1.2.3) 17
Enable IP on a Host (1.1.2.4) 18
Device LEDs (1.1.2.5) 19
Console Access (1.1.2.6) 21
Enable IP on a Switch (1.1.2.7) 22
Router Basic Settings (1.1.3) 23
Configure Basic Router Settings (1.1.3.1) 23
Configure an IPv4 Router Interface (1.1.3.2) 24
Configure an IPv6 Router Interface (1.1.3.3) 26
Configure an IPv4 Loopback Interface (1.1.3.4) 29
Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks (1.1.4) 30
Verify Interface Settings (1.1.4.1) 30
Verify IPv6 Interface Settings (1.1.4.2) 32
Filter Show Command Output (1.1.4.3) 35
Command History Feature (1.1.4.4) 36
Routing Decisions (1.2) 37
Switching Packets Between Networks (1.2.1) 37
Router Switching Function (1.2.1.1) 38
Send a Packet (1.2.1.2) 39
Forward to the Next Hop (1.2.1.3) 40
Packet Routing (1.2.1.4) 42
Reach the Destination (1.2.1.5) 43
Path Determination (1.2.2) 44
Routing Decisions (1.2.2.1) 44
Best Path (1.2.2.2) 45
Load Balancing (1.2.2.3) 46
Administrative Distance (1.2.2.4) 47
Router Operation (1.3) 48
Analyze the Routing Table (1.3.1) 49
The Routing Table (1.3.1.1) 49
Routing Table Sources (1.3.1.2) 49
Remote Network Routing Entries (1.3.1.3) 51
Directly Connected Routes (1.3.2) 52
Directly Connected Interfaces (1.3.2.1) 52
Directly Connected Routing Table Entries (1.3.2.2) 53
Directly Connected Examples (1.3.2.3) 54
Directly Connected IPv6 Example (1.3.2.4) 55
Statically Learned Routes (1.3.3) 58
Static Routes (1.3.3.1) 58
Static Route Examples (1.3.3.2) 59
Static IPv6 Route Examples (1.3.3.3) 61
Dynamic Routing Protocols (1.3.4) 62
Dynamic Routing (1.3.4.1) 62
IPv4 Routing Protocols (1.3.4.2) 63
IPv4 Dynamic Routing Examples (1.3.4.3) 64
IPv6 Routing Protocols (1.3.4.4) 65
IPv6 Dynamic Routing Examples (1.3.4.5) 66
Summary (1.4) 67
Practice 68
Class Activities 68
Labs 68
Packet Tracer Activities 69
Check Your Understanding Questions 69
Chapter 2 Static Routing 75
Objectives 75
Key Terms 75
Introduction (2.0.1.1) 76
Implement Static Routes (2.1) 76
Static Routing (2.1.1) 77
Reach Remote Networks (2.1.1.1) 77
Why Use Static Routing? (2.1.1.2) 78
When to Use Static Routes (2.1.1.3) 79
Types of Static Routes (2.1.2) 80
Static Route Applications (2.1.2.1) 80
Standard Static Route (2.1.2.2) 81
Default Static Route (2.1.2.3) 81
Summary Static Route (2.1.2.4) 82
Floating Static Route (2.1.2.5) 83
Configure Static and Default Routes (2.2) 84
Configure IPv4 Static Routes (2.2.1) 84
The ip route Command (2.2.1.1) 84
Next-Hop Options (2.2.1.2) 85
Configure a Next-Hop Static Route (2.2.1.3) 87
Configure a Directly Connected Static Route (2.2.1.4) 88
Configure a Fully Specified Static Route (2.2.1.5) 90
Verify a Static Route (2.2.1.6) 92
Configure IPv4 Default Routes (2.2.2) 93
Default Static Route (2.2.2.1) 93
Configure a Default Static Route (2.2.2.2) 93
Verify a Default Static Route (2.2.2.3) 94
Configure IPv6 Static Routes (2.2.3) 95
The ipv6 route Command (2.2.3.1) 95
Next-Hop Options (2.2.3.2) 96
Configure a Next-Hop Static IPv6 Route (2.2.3.3) 99
Configure a Directly Connected Static IPv6 Route (2.2.3.4) 100
Configure a Fully Specified Static IPv6 Route (2.2.3.5) 102
Verify IPv6 Static Routes (2.2.3.6) 103
Configure IPv6 Default Routes (2.2.4) 104
Default Static IPv6 Route (2.2.4.1) 104
Configure a Default Static IPv6 Route (2.2.4.2) 105
Verify a Default Static Route (2.2.4.3) 105
Configure Floating Static Routes (2.2.5) 106
Floating Static Routes (2.2.5.1) 106
Configure an IPv4 Floating Static Route (2.2.5.2) 107
Test the IPv4 Floating Static Route (2.2.5.3) 108
Configure an IPv6 Floating Static Route (2.2.5.4) 110
Configure Static Host Routes (2.2.6) 111
Automatically Installed Host Routes (2.2.6.1) 111
Configure IPv4 and IPv6 Static Host Routes (2.2.6.2) 113
Troubleshoot Static and Default Route (2.3) 115
Packet Processing with Static Routes (2.3.1) 115
Static Routes and Packet Forwarding (2.3.1.1) 115
Troubleshoot IPv4 Static and Default Route Configuration (2.3.2) 116
Troubleshoot a Missing Route (2.3.2.1) 116
Solve a Connectivity Problem (2.3.2.2) 118
Summary (2.4) 122
Practice 123
Class Activities 123
Labs 123
Packet Tracer Activities 123
Check Your Understanding Questions 124
Chapter 3 Dynamic Routing 127
Objectives 127
Key Terms 127
Introduction (3.0.1.1) 129
Dynamic Routing Protocols (3.1) 130
Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview (3.1.1) 130
Dynamic Routing Protocol Evolution (3.1.1.1) 130
Dynamic Routing Protocol Components (3.1.1.2) 132
Dynamic Versus Static Routing (3.1.2) 133
Static Routing Uses (3.1.2.1) 133
Static Routing Advantages and Disadvantages (3.1.2.2) 134
Dynamic Routing Protocols Uses (3.1.2.3) 134
Dynamic Routing Advantages and Disadvantages (3.1.2.4) 135
RIPv2 (3.2) 136
Configuring the RIP Protocol (3.2.1) 136
Router RIP Configuration Mode (3.2.1.1) 136
Advertise Networks (3.2.1.2) 138
Verify RIP Routing (3.2.1.3) 139
Enable and Verify RIPv2 (3.2.1.4) 140
Disable Auto Summarization (3.2.1.5) 142
Configure Passive Interfaces (3.2.1.6) 143
Propagate a Default Route (3.2.1.7) 145
The Routing Table (3.3) 147
Parts of an IPv4 Route Entry (3.3.1) 147
Routing Table Entries (3.3.1.1) 148
Directly Connected Entries (3.3.1.2) 149
Remote Network Entries (3.3.1.3) 150
Dynamically Learned IPv4 Routes (3.3.2) 151
Routing Table Terms (3.3.2.1) 151
Ultimate Route (3.3.2.2) 152
Level 1 Route (3.3.2.3) 153
Level 1 Parent Route (3.3.2.4) 154
Level 2 Child Route (3.3.2.5) 155
The IPv4 Route Lookup Process (3.3.3) 156
Route Lookup Process (3.3.3.1) 156
Best Route = Longest Match (3.3.3.2) 158
Analyze an IPv6 Routing Table (3.3.4) 159
IPv6 Routing Table Entries (3.3.4.1) 159
Directly Connected Entries (3.3.4.2) 160
Remote IPv6 Network Entries (3.3.4.3) 162
Summary (3.4) 165
Practice 166
Class Activities 166
Labs 166
Packet Tracer Activities 166
Check Your Understanding Questions 166
Chapter 4 Switched Networks 171
Objectives 171
Key Terms 171
Introduction (4.0.1.1) 173
LAN Design (4.1) 173
Converged Networks (4.1.1) 174
Growing Complexity of Networks (4.1.1.1) 174
Elements of a Converged Network (4.1.1.2) 175
Cisco Borderless Networks (4.1.1.3) 176
Hierarchy in the Borderless Switched Network (4.1.1.4) 177
Access, Distribution, and Core Layers (4.1.1.5) 179
Switched Networks (4.1.2) 181
Role of Switched Networks (4.1.2.1) 181
Form Factors (4.1.2.2) 183
The Switched Environment (4.2) 185
Frame Forwarding (4.2.1) 186
Switching as a General Concept in Networking and Telecommunications (4.2.1.1) 186
Dynamically Populating a Switch MAC Address Table (4.2.1.2) 188
Switch Forwarding Methods (4.2.1.3) 189
Store-and-Forward Switching (4.2.1.4) 190
Cut-Through Switching (4.2.1.5) 191
Switching Domains (4.2.2) 193
Collision Domains (4.2.2.1) 193
Broadcast Domains (4.2.2.2) 194
Alleviating Network Congestion (4.2.2.3) 195
Summary (4.3) 197
Practice 198
Class Activities 198
Check Your Understanding Questions 199
Chapter 5 Switch Configuration 203
Objectives 203
Key Terms 203
Introduction (5.0.1.1) 204
Basic Switch Configuration (5.1) 205
Configure a Switch with Initial Settings (5.1.1) 205
Switch Boot Sequence (5.1.1.1) 205
Recovering from a System Crash (5.1.1.2) 206
Switch LED Indicators (5.1.1.3) 207
Preparing for Basic Switch Management (5.1.1.4) 209
Configuring Basic Switch Management Access with IPv4 (5.1.1.5) 210
Configure Switch Ports (5.1.2) 213
Duplex Communication (5.1.2.1) 213
Configure Switch Ports at the Physical Layer (5.1.2.2) 214
Auto-MDIX (5.1.2.3) 215
Verifying Switch Port Configuration (5.1.2.4) 216
Network Access Layer Issues (5.1.2.5) 218
Troubleshooting Network Access Layer Issues (5.1.2.6) 221
Switch Security (5.2) 222
Secure Remote Access (5.2.1) 222
SSH Operation (5.2.1.1) 222
Configuring SSH (5.2.1.2) 225
Verifying SSH (5.2.1.3) 227
Switch Port Security (5.2.2) 229
Secure Unused Ports (5.2.2.1) 229
Port Security: Operation (5.2.2.2) 230
Port Security: Violation Modes (5.2.2.3) 232
Port Security: Configuring (5.2.2.4) 233
Port Security: Verifying (5.2.2.5) 234
Ports in Error-Disabled State (5.2.2.6) 236
Summary (5.3) 239
Practice 240
Class Activities 240
Labs 241
Packet Tracer Activities 241
Check Your Understanding Questions 241
Chapter 6 VLANs 245
Objectives 245
Key Terms 245
Introduction (6.0.1.1) 247
VLAN Segmentation (6.1) 248
Overview of VLANs (6.1.1) 248
VLAN Definitions (6.1.1.1) 248
Benefits of VLANs (6.1.1.2) 249
Types of VLANs (6.1.1.3) 250
Voice VLANs (6.1.1.4) 252
VLANs in a Multiswitched Environment (6.1.2) 253
VLAN Trunks (6.1.2.1) 253
Controlling Broadcast Domains with VLANs (6.1.2.2) 254
Tagging Ethernet Frames for VLAN Identification (6.1.2.3) 256
Native VLANs and 802.1Q Tagging (6.1.2.4) 257
Voice VLAN Tagging (6.1.2.5) 258
VLAN Implementations (6.2) 260
VLAN Assignment (6.2.1) 260
VLAN Ranges on Catalyst Switches (6.2.1.1) 260
Creating a VLAN (6.2.1.2) 262
Assigning Ports to VLANs (6.2.1.3) 263
Changing VLAN Port Membership (6.2.1.4) 264
Deleting VLANs (6.2.1.5) 266
Verifying VLAN Information (6.2.1.6) 267
VLAN Trunks (6.2.2) 270
Configuring IEEE 802.1Q Trunk Links (6.2.2.1) 270
Resetting the Trunk to Default State (6.2.2.2) 272
Verifying Trunk Configuration (6.2.2.3) 273
Troubleshoot VLANs and Trunks (6.2.3) 275
IP Addressing Issues with VLAN (6.2.3.1) 275
Missing VLANs (6.2.3.2) 276
Introduction to Troubleshooting Trunks (6.2.3.3) 278
Common Problems with Trunks (6.2.3.4) 279
Incorrect Port Mode (6.2.3.5) 281
Incorrect VLAN List (6.2.3.6) 284
Inter-VLAN Routing Using Routers (6.3) 287
Inter-VLAN Routing Operation (6.3.1) 287
What Is Inter-VLAN Routing? (6.3.1.1) 287
Legacy Inter-VLAN Routing (6.3.1.2) 288
Router-on-a-Stick Inter-VLAN Routing (6.3.1.3) 290
Configure Legacy Inter-VLAN Routing (6.3.2) 292
Configure Legacy Inter-VLAN Routing: Preparation (6.3.2.1) 292
Configure Legacy Inter-VLAN Routing: Switch Configuration (6.3.2.2) 293
Configure Legacy Inter-VLAN Routing: Router Interface Configuration (6.3.2.3) 294
Configure Router-on-a-Stick Inter-VLAN Routing (6.3.3) 296
Configure Router-on-a-Stick: Preparation (6.3.3.1) 296
Configure Router-on-a-Stick: Switch Configuration (6.3.3.2) 297
Configure Router-on-a-Stick: Router Subinterface Configuration (6.3.3.3) 298
Configure Router-on-a-Stick: Verifying Subinterfaces (6.3.3.4) 299
Configure Router-on-a-Stick: Verifying Routing (6.3.3.5) 300
Summary (6.4) 303
Practice 304
Class Activities 305
Labs 305
Packet Tracer Activities 305
Check Your Understanding Questions 305
Chapter 7 Access Control Lists 309
Objectives 309
Key Terms 309
Introduction (7.0.1.1) 310
ACL Operation (7.1) 310
Purpose of ACLs (7.1.1) 311
What Is an ACL? (7.1.1.1) 311
Packet Filtering (7.1.1.2) 312
ACL Operation (7.1.1.3) 313
Wildcard Masks in ACLs (7.1.2) 314
Introducing ACL Wildcard Masking (7.1.2.1) 314
Wildcard Mask Examples (7.1.2.2) 316
Calculating the Wildcard Mask (7.1.2.3) 317
Wildcard Mask Keywords (7.1.2.4) 319
Wildcard Mask Keyword Examples (7.1.2.5) 320
Guidelines for ACL Creation (7.1.3) 321
General Guidelines for Creating ACLs (7.1.3.1) 321
ACL Best Practices (7.1.3.2) 322
Guidelines for ACL Placement (7.1.4) 322
Where to Place ACLs (7.1.4.1) 322
Standard ACL Placement (7.1.4.2) 324
Standard IPv4 ACLs (7.2) 325
Configure Standard IPv4 ACLs (7.2.1) 325
Numbered Standard IPv4 ACL Syntax (7.2.1.1) 325
Applying Standard IPv4 ACLs to Interfaces (7.2.1.2) 328
Numbered Standard IPv4 ACL Examples (7.2.1.3) 329
Named Standard IPv4 ACL Syntax (7.2.1.4) 330
Modify IPv4 ACLs (7.2.2) 332
Method 1: Use a Text Editor (7.2.2.1) 333
Method 2: Use Sequence Numbers (7.2.2.2) 334
Editing Standard Named ACLs (7.2.2.3) 335
Verifying ACLs (7.2.2.4) 336
ACL Statistics (7.2.2.5) 338
Securing VTY Ports with a Standard IPv4 ACL (7.2.3) 339
The access-class Command (7.2.3.1) 339
Verifying the VTY Port Is Secured (7.2.3.2) 341
Troubleshoot ACLs (7.3) 342
Processing Packets with ACLs (7.3.1) 342
The Implicit Deny Any (7.3.1.1) 343
The Order of ACEs in an ACL (7.3.1.2) 343
Cisco IOS Reorders Standard ACLs (7.3.1.3) 344
Routing Processes and ACLs (7.3.1.4) 347
Common IPv4 Standard ACL Errors (7.3.2) 349
Troubleshooting Standard IPv4 ACLs–Example 1 (7.3.2.1) 349
Troubleshooting Standard IPv4 ACLs–Example 2 (7.3.2.2) 351
Troubleshooting Standard IPv4 ACLs–Example 3 (7.3.2.3) 352
Summary (7.4) 355
Practice 356
Class Activities 357
Labs 357
Packet Tracer Activities 357
Check Your Understanding Questions 357
Chapter 8 DHCP 361
Objectives 361
Key Terms 361
Introduction (8.0.1.1) 363
DHCPv4 (8.1) 363
DHCPv4 Operation (8.1.1) 363
Introducing DHCPv4 (8.1.1.1) 364
DHCPv4 Operation (8.1.1.2) 364
DHCPv4 Message Format (8.1.1.3) 367
DHCPv4 Discover and Offer Messages (8.1.1.4) 369
Configuring a Basic DHCPv4 Server (8.1.2) 370
Configuring a Basic DHCPv4 Server (8.1.2.1) 370
Verifying DHCPv4 (8.1.2.2) 373
DHCPv4 Relay (8.1.2.3) 377
Configure DHCPv4 Client (8.1.3) 380
Configuring a Router as a DHCPv4 Client (8.1.3.1) 380
Configuring a Wireless Router as a DHCPv4 Client (8.1.3.2) 381
Troubleshoot DHCPv4 (8.1.4) 382
Troubleshooting Tasks (8.1.4.1) 382
Verify Router DHCPv4 Configuration (8.1.4.2) 384
Debugging DHCPv4 (8.1.4.3) 385
DHCPv6 (8.2) 387
SLAAC and DHCPv6 (8.2.1) 387
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) (8.2.1.1) 387
SLAAC Operation (8.2.1.2) 389
SLAAC and DHCPv6 (8.2.1.3) 390
SLAAC Option (8.2.1.4) 391
Stateless DHCPv6 Option (8.2.1.5) 392
Stateful DHCPv6 Option (8.2.1.6) 393
DHCPv6 Operations (8.2.1.7) 394
Stateless DHCPv6 (8.2.2) 395
Configuring a Router as a Stateless DHCPv6 Server (8.2.2.1) 395
Configuring a Router as a Stateless DHCPv6 Client (8.2.2.2) 396
Verifying Stateless DHCPv6 (8.2.2.3) 397
Stateful DHCPv6 Server (8.2.3) 399
Configuring a Router as a Stateful DHCPv6 Server (8.2.3.1) 399
Configuring a Router as a Stateful DHCPv6 Client (8.2.3.2) 401
Verifying Stateful DHCPv6 (8.2.3.3) 401
Configuring a Router as a DHCPv6 Relay Agent (8.2.3.4) 402
Troubleshoot DHCPv6 (8.2.4) 404
Troubleshooting Tasks (8.2.4.1) 404
Verify Router DHCPv6 Configuration (8.2.4.2) 405
Debugging DHCPv6 (8.2.4.3) 407
Summary (8.3) 409
Practice 410
Class Activities 410
Labs 411
Packet Tracer Activities 411
Check Your Understanding Questions 411
Chapter 9 NAT for IPv4 415
Objectives 415
Key Terms 415
Introduction (9.0.1.1) 417
NAT Operation (9.1) 418
NAT Characteristics (9.1.1) 418
IPv4 Private Address Space (9.1.1.1) 418
What Is NAT? (9.1.1.2) 419
NAT Terminology (9.1.1.3 & 9.1.1.4) 420
How NAT Works (9.1.1.5) 423
Types of NAT (9.1.2) 424
Static NAT (9.1.2.1) 424
Dynamic NAT (9.1.2.2) 425
Port Address Translation (PAT) (9.1.2.3) 426
Next Available Port (9.1.2.4) 427
Comparing NAT and PAT (9.1.2.5) 428
NAT Advantages (9.1.3) 430
Advantages of NAT (9.1.3.1) 430
Disadvantages of NAT (9.1.3.2) 430
Configure NAT (9.2) 431
Configuring Static NAT (9.2.1) 432
Configure Static NAT (9.2.1.1) 432
Analyzing Static NAT (9.2.1.2) 433
Verifying Static NAT (9.2.1.3) 434
Configure Dynamic NAT (9.2.2) 436
Dynamic NAT Operation (9.2.2.1) 436
Configuring Dynamic NAT (9.2.2.2) 437
Analyzing Dynamic NAT (9.2.2.3) 438
Verifying Dynamic NAT (9.2.2.4) 440
Configure PAT (9.2.3) 443
Configuring PAT: Address Pool (9.2.3.1) 443
Configuring PAT: Single Address (9.2.3.2) 445
Analyzing PAT (9.2.3.3) 446
Verifying PAT (9.2.3.4) 449
Configure Port Forwarding (9.2.4) 451
Port Forwarding (9.2.4.1) 451
Wireless Router Example (9.2.4.2) 452
Configuring Port Forwarding with IOS (9.2.4.3) 453
NAT and IPv6 (9.2.5) 456
NAT for IPv6? (9.2.5.1) 456
IPv6 Unique Local Addresses (9.2.5.2) 457
NAT for IPv6 (9.2.5.3) 458
Troubleshoot NAT (9.3) 459
NAT Troubleshooting Commands (9.3.1) 460
The show ip nat Commands (9.3.1.1) 460
The debug ip nat Command (9.3.1.2) 462
NAT Troubleshooting Scenario (9.3.1.3) 464
Summary (9.4) 468
Practice 469
Class Activities 469
Labs 469
Packet Tracer Activities 469
Check Your Understanding Questions 470
Chapter 10 Device Discovery, Management, and Maintenance 475
Objectives 475
Key Terms 475
Introduction (10.0.0.1) 477
Device Discovery (10.1) 477
Device Discovery with CDP (10.1.1) 477
CDP Overview (10.1.1.1) 477
Configure and Verify CDP (10.1.1.2) 478
Discover Devices Using CDP (10.1.1.3) 480
Device Discovery with LLDP (10.1.2) 483
LLDP Overview (10.1.2.1) 483
Configure and Verify LLDP (10.1.2.2) 484
Discover Devices Using LLDP (10.1.2.3) 484
Device Management (10.2) 486
NTP (10.2.1) 487
Setting the System Clock (10.2.1.1) 487
NTP Operation (10.2.1.2) 488
Configure and Verify NTP (10.2.1.3) 489
Syslog Operation (10.2.2) 491
Introduction to Syslog (10.2.2.1) 491
Syslog Operation (10.2.2.2) 492
Syslog Message Format (10.2.2.3) 493
Service Timestamp (10.2.2.4) 496
Syslog Configuration (10.2.3) 497
Syslog Server (10.2.3.1) 497
Default Logging (10.2.3.2) 497
Router and Switch Commands for Syslog Clients (10.2.3.3) 499
Verifying Syslog (10.2.3.4) 500
Device Maintenance (10.3) 502
Router and Switch File Maintenance (10.3.1) 502
Router File Systems (10.3.1.1) 502
Switch File Systems (10.3.1.2) 505
Backing Up and Restoring Using Text Files (10.3.1.3) 505
Backing Up and Restoring TFTP (10.3.1.4) 507
Using USB Ports on a Cisco Router (10.3.1.5) 508
Backing Up and Restoring Using a USB (10.3.1.6) 508
Password Recovery (10.3.1.7) 511
IOS System Files (10.3.2) 514
IOS 15 System Image Packaging (10.3.2.1) 514
IOS Image Filenames (10.3.2.2) 515
IOS Image Management (10.3.3) 517
TFTP Servers as a Backup Location (10.3.3.1) 517
Steps to Back Up IOS Image to TFTP Server (10.3.3.2) 518
Steps to Copy an IOS Image to a Device (10.3.3.3) 519
The boot system Command (10.3.3.4) 521
Software Licensing (10.3.4) 522
Licensing Overview (10.3.4.1) 522
Licensing Process (10.3.4.2) 524
Step 1. Purchase the Software Package or Feature to Install (10.3.4.3) 524
Step 2. Obtain a License (10.3.4.4) 525
Step 3. Install the License (10.3.4.5) 526
License Verification and Management (10.3.5) 527
License Verification (10.3.5.1) 527
Activate an Evaluation Right-to-Use License (10.3.5.2) 529
Back Up the License (10.3.5.3) 531
Uninstall the License (10.3.5.4) 532
Summary (10.4) 534
Practice 534
Labs 534
Packet Tracer Activities 535
Check Your Understanding Questions 535
Appendix A Answers to the “Check Your Understanding” Questions
Glossary
9781587134289 TOC 11/8/2016
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