Home > Store

Practical Guide to Computer Forensics Investigations, A

Add To My Wish List

Practical Guide to Computer Forensics Investigations, A

By Darren R. Hayes
Published Dec 17, 2014 by Pearson IT Certification.

eBook

Your Price: $49.59
List Price: $61.99
Includes EPUB and PDF
About eBook Formats

This eBook includes the following formats, accessible from your Account page after purchase:

ePub EPUB The open industry format known for its reflowable content and usability on supported mobile devices.

Adobe Reader PDF The popular standard, used most often with the free Acrobat® Reader® software.

This eBook requires no passwords or activation to read. We customize your eBook by discreetly watermarking it with your name, making it uniquely yours.

Add to cart

Description

Sample Content

Updates

More Information

Description

Copyright 2015
Dimensions: 7" x 9-1/8"
Pages: 528
Edition: 1st

eBook
ISBN-10: 0-13-275616-1
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-275616-7

Product Update: A Practical Guide to Digital ForensicsInvestigations (ISBN: 9780789759917), 2nd Edition, is now available.

All you need to know to succeed in digital forensics: technical and investigative skills, in one book

Complete, practical, and up-to-date

Thoroughly covers digital forensics for Windows, Mac, mobile, hardware, and networks

Addresses online and lab investigations, documentation, admissibility, and more

By Dr. Darren Hayes, founder of Pace University's Code Detectives forensics labone of America's Top 10 Computer Forensics Professors

Perfect for anyone pursuing a digital forensics career or working with examiners

Criminals go where the money is. Today, trillions of dollars of assets are digital, and digital crime is growing fast. In response, demand for digital forensics experts is soaring. To succeed in this exciting field, you need strong technical and investigative skills. In this guide, one of the world's leading computer orensics experts teaches you all the skills you'll need.

Writing for students and professionals at all levels, Dr. Darren Hayes presents complete best practices for capturing and analyzing evidence, protecting the chain of custody, documenting investigations, and scrupulously adhering to the law, so your evidence can always be used.

Hayes introduces today's latest technologies and technical challenges, offering detailed coverage of crucial topics such as mobile forensics, Mac forensics, cyberbullying, and child endangerment.

This guide's practical activities and case studies give you hands-on mastery of modern digital forensics tools and techniques. Its many realistic examples reflect the author's extensive and pioneering work as a forensics examiner in both criminal and civil investigations.

Understand what computer forensics examiners do, and the types of digital evidence they work with
Explore Windows and Mac computers, understand how their features affect evidence gathering, and use free tools to investigate their contents
Extract data from diverse storage devices
Establish a certified forensics lab and implement good practices for managing and processing evidence
Gather data and perform investigations online
Capture Internet communications, video, images, and other content
Write comprehensive reports that withstand defense objections and enable successful prosecution
Follow strict search and surveillance rules to make your evidence admissible
Investigate network breaches, including dangerous Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs)
Retrieve immense amounts of evidence from smartphones, even without seizing them
Successfully investigate financial fraud performed with digital devices
Use digital photographic evidence, including metadata and social media images



Sample Content

Introduction xx

Chapter 1: The Scope of Computer Forensics 2

Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Popular Myths about Computer Forensics.. . . . . . . 3

Types of Computer Forensics Evidence Recovered.. . . . . . 5

Electronic Mail (Email).. . . . . . . . . . . 5

Images.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Video. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Websites Visited and Internet Searches.. . . . . . . 9

Cellphone Forensics.. . . . . . . . . . . 10

What Skills Must a Computer Forensics Investigator Possess?.. . . 10

Computer Science Knowledge. . . . . . . . . 10

Legal Expertise.. . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Communication Skills.. . . . . . . . . . . 11

Linguistic Abilities.. . . . . . . . . . . 11

Continuous Learning.. . . . . . . . . . . 11

An Appreciation for Confidentiality. . . . . . . . 12

The Importance of Computer Forensics.. . . . . . . . 12

Job Opportunities.. . . . . . . . . . . 12

A History of Computer Forensics.. . . . . . . . . 14

1980s: The Advent of the Personal Computer.. . . . . . 14

1990s: The Impact of the Internet.. . . . . . . . 15

Training and Education. . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Law Enforcement Training.. . . . . . . . . . 19

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Chapter 2: Windows Operating and File Systems 32

Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Physical and Logical Storage.. . . . . . . . . . 34

File Storage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

File Conversion and Numbering Formats.. . . . . . . . 37

Conversion of Binary to Decimal.. . . . . . . . 37

Hexadecimal Numbering. . . . . . . . . . 37

Conversion of Hexadecimal to Decimal. . . . . . . 38

Conversion of Hexadecimal to ASCII (American Standard Code) for Information Interchange.. . . . . . . . . 38

Unicode.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Operating Systems.. . . . . . . . . . . . 42

The Boot Process.. . . . . . . . . . . 42

Windows File Systems.. . . . . . . . . . 44

Windows Registry.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Registry Data Types.. . . . . . . . . . . 52

FTK Registry Viewer.. . . . . . . . . . . 52

Microsoft Windows Features.. . . . . . . . . . 53

Windows Vista.. . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Windows 7.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Windows 8.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Chapter 3: Handling Computer Hardware 80

Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Hard Disk Drives.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI).. . . . . . . 81

Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE). . . . . . . . 82

Serial ATA (SATA).. . . . . . . . . . . 83

Cloning a PATA or SATA Hard Disk.. . . . . . . . . 86

Cloning Devices.. . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Removable Memory.. . . . . . . . . . . . 93

FireWire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

USB Flash Drives.. . . . . . . . . . . . 94

External Hard Drives.. . . . . . . . . . . 95

MultiMedia Cards (MMCs).. . . . . . . . . . 96

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

References.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Chapter 4: Acquiring Evidence in a Computer Forensics Lab 116

Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Lab Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . 117

American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors.. . . . . 117

American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors/Lab Accreditation Board (ASCLD/LAB). . . . . . . . 117

ASCLD/LAB Guidelines for Forensic Laboratory Management Practices.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Scientific Working Group on Digital Evidence (SWGDE).. . . 119

Private Sector Computer Forensics Laboratories.. . . . . . 119

Evidence Acquisition Laboratory.. . . . . . . . 120

Email Preparation Laboratory.. . . . . . . . . 120

Inventory Control.. . . . . . . . . . . 120

Web Hosting. . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Computer Forensics Laboratory Requirements.. . . . . . 121

Laboratory Layout.. . . . . . . . . . . 121

Laboratory Management. . . . . . . . . . 141

Laboratory Access. . . . . . . . . . . 141

Extracting Evidence from a Device.. . . . . . . . . 144

Using the dd Utility.. . . . . . . . . . . 144

Using Global Regular Expressions Print (GREP). . . . . 145

Skimmers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Chapter 5: Online Investigations 162

Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Working Undercover. . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Generate an Identity.. . . . . . . . . . . 164

Generate an Email Account.. . . . . . . . . 165

Mask Your Identity. . . . . . . . . . . 167

Website Evidence.. . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Website Archives.. . . . . . . . . . . 171

Website Statistics.. . . . . . . . . . . 172

Background Searches on a Suspect. . . . . . . . . 173

Personal Information: Mailing Address, Email Address, Telephone Number, and Assets. . . . . . . . 174

Personal Interests and Membership of User Groups.. . . . 178

Searching for Stolen Property.. . . . . . . . . 179

Online Crime.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Identity Theft.. . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Credit Cards for Sale. . . . . . . . . . . 195

Electronic Medical Records.. . . . . . . . . 196

Cyberbullying.. . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Social Networking.. . . . . . . . . . . 196

Capturing Online Communications.. . . . . . . . . 197

Using Screen Captures.. . . . . . . . . . 197

Using Video.. . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Viewing Cookies.. . . . . . . . . . . 199

Using Windows Registry.. . . . . . . . . . 200

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Chapter 6: Documenting the Investigation 210

Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Obtaining Evidence from a Service Provider.. . . . . . . 211

Documenting a Crime Scene.. . . . . . . . . . 211

Seizing Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Crime Scene Examinations. . . . . . . . . 213

Documenting the Evidence.. . . . . . . . . . 214

Completing a Chain of Custody Form.. . . . . . . 215

Completing a Computer Worksheet. . . . . . . . 216

Completing a Hard Disk Drive Worksheet.. . . . . . 217

Completing a Server Worksheet. . . . . . . . 218

Using Tools to Document an Investigation. . . . . . . 220

CaseNotes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

FragView. . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Helpful Mobile Applications (Apps).. . . . . . . . 221

Network Analyzer. . . . . . . . . . . 221

System Status.. . . . . . . . . . . . 221

The Cop App.. . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Lock and Code. . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Digital Forensics Reference.. . . . . . . . . 221

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP).. . . . . . . 222

Federal Rules of Evidence (FREvidence).. . . . . . . 222

Writing Reports.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Time Zones and Daylight Saving Time (DST).. . . . . . 222

Creating a Comprehensive Report. . . . . . . . 224

Using Expert Witnesses at Trial. . . . . . . . . . 227

The Expert Witness.. . . . . . . . . . . 228

The Goals of the Expert Witness.. . . . . . . . 228

Preparing an Expert Witness for Trial.. . . . . . . 228

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Chapter 7: Admissibility of Digital Evidence 238

Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

History and Structure of the United States Legal System. . . . 239

Origins of the U.S. Legal System.. . . . . . . . 240

Overview of the U.S. Court System.. . . . . . . . 241

In the Courtroom.. . . . . . . . . . . 245

Evidence Admissibility.. . . . . . . . . . . 248

Constitutional Law.. . . . . . . . . . . . 248

First Amendment.. . . . . . . . . . . 248

First Amendment and the Internet.. . . . . . . . 249

Fourth Amendment.. . . . . . . . . . . 251

Fifth Amendment.. . . . . . . . . . . 263

Sixth Amendment.. . . . . . . . . . . 264

Congressional Legislation. . . . . . . . . . 265

Rules for Evidence Admissibility. . . . . . . . 271

Criminal Defense.. . . . . . . . . . . 276

When Computer Forensics Goes Wrong.. . . . . . . . 277

Pornography in the Classroom. . . . . . . . . 277

Structure of the Legal System in the European Union (E.U.).. . . . 278

Origins of European Law. . . . . . . . . . 278

Structure of European Union Law.. . . . . . . . 279

Structure of the Legal System in Asia. . . . . . . . 282

China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

India.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Chapter 8: Network Forensics 292

Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

The Tools of the Trade.. . . . . . . . . . . 293

Networking Devices.. . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Proxy Servers. . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Web Servers. . . . . . . . . . . . 295

DHCP Servers.. . . . . . . . . . . . 298

SMTP Servers.. . . . . . . . . . . . 299

DNS Servers. . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Routers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

IDS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Firewalls.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Ports.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Understanding the OSI Model.. . . . . . . . . . 305

The Physical Layer. . . . . . . . . . . 306

The Data Link Layer. . . . . . . . . . . 306

The Network Layer. . . . . . . . . . . 306

The Transport Layer.. . . . . . . . . . . 307

The Session Layer.. . . . . . . . . . . 308

The Presentation Layer.. . . . . . . . . . 308

The Application Layer.. . . . . . . . . . 309

Advanced Persistent Threats. . . . . . . . . . 310

Cyber Kill Chain.. . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Indicators of Compromise (IOC). . . . . . . . 312

Investigating a Network Attack.. . . . . . . . . . 313

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

Chapter 9: Mobile Forensics 320

Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

The Cellular Network.. . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Base Transceiver Station.. . . . . . . . . . 322

Mobile Station.. . . . . . . . . . . . 326

Cellular Network Types.. . . . . . . . . . 331

SIM Card Forensics.. . . . . . . . . . . 334

Types of Evidence.. . . . . . . . . . . 337

Handset Specifications.. . . . . . . . . . . 338

Memory and Processing.. . . . . . . . . . 338

Battery.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

Other Hardware.. . . . . . . . . . . . 338

Mobile Operating Systems. . . . . . . . . . . 339

Android OS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Windows Phone. . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Standard Operating Procedures for Handling Handset Evidence.. . . 347

National Institute of Standards and Technology .. . . . . 348

Preparation and Containment. . . . . . . . . 349

Wireless Capabilities.. . . . . . . . . . . 352

Documenting the Investigation. . . . . . . . . 354

Handset Forensics.. . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Cellphone Forensic Software.. . . . . . . . . 354

Cellphone Forensics Hardware.. . . . . . . . 357

Logical versus Physical Examination.. . . . . . . 358

Manual Cellphone Examinations.. . . . . . . . . 358

Flasher Box.. . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Global Satellite Service Providers.. . . . . . . . . 360

Satellite Communication Services.. . . . . . . . 360

Legal Considerations.. . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Carrier Records.. . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Other Mobile Devices.. . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Tablets.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

GPS Devices.. . . . . . . . . . . . 362

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Chapter 10: Photograph Forensics 372

Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

Understanding Digital Photography.. . . . . . . . . 375

File Systems.. . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Digital Photography Applications and Services.. . . . . 376

Examining Picture Files.. . . . . . . . . . . 377

Exchangeable Image File Format (EXIF).. . . . . . . 377

Evidence Admissibility.. . . . . . . . . . . 380

Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE).. . . . . . . . 380

Analog vs. Digital Photographs.. . . . . . . . 381

Case Studies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

Worldwide Manhunt.. . . . . . . . . . . 382

NYPD Facial Recognition Unit.. . . . . . . . . 383

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Chapter 11: Mac Forensics 390

Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

A Brief History.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

Macintosh. . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

Mac Mini with OS X Server.. . . . . . . . . 391

iPod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

iPhone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

iPad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

Apple Wi-Fi Devices.. . . . . . . . . . . 395

Macintosh File Systems.. . . . . . . . . . . 397

Forensic Examinations of a Mac.. . . . . . . . . 398

IOReg Info.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

PMAP Info.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

Epoch Time.. . . . . . . . . . . . 399

Recovering Deleted Files.. . . . . . . . . . 401

Journaling. . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

DMG File System.. . . . . . . . . . . 401

PList Files.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

SQLite Databases.. . . . . . . . . . . 404

Macintosh Operating Systems.. . . . . . . . . . 404

Mac OS X.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

Target Disk Mode.. . . . . . . . . . . 408

Apple Mobile Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . 409

iOS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

iOS 7.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

iOS 8.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Security and Encryption.. . . . . . . . . . 411

iPod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

iPhone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Enterprise Deployment of iPhone and iOS Devices.. . . . 426

Case Studies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

Find My iPhone.. . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Wanted Hactevist.. . . . . . . . . . . 427

Michael Jackson.. . . . . . . . . . . 427

Stolen iPhone. . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Drug Bust.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

Chapter 12: Case Studies 436

Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

Zacharias Moussaoui.. . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Background.. . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Digital Evidence.. . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Standby Counsel Objections.. . . . . . . . . 439

Prosecution Affidavit.. . . . . . . . . . . 440

Exhibits.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

Email Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . 440

BTK (Bind Torture Kill) Killer. . . . . . . . . . 441

Profile of a Killer. . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Evidence.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

Cyberbullying.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

Federal Anti-harassment Legislation.. . . . . . . 443

State Anti-harassment Legislation.. . . . . . . . 443

Warning Signs of Cyberbullying.. . . . . . . . 443

What Is Cyberbullying?.. . . . . . . . . . 444

Phoebe Prince.. . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Ryan Halligan.. . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Megan Meier.. . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Tyler Clementi.. . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Sports.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

TOC, 9780789741158, 11/20/2014



Updates

Errata

Download the errata from the main book

Submit Errata



More Information



Pearson IT Certification Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from Pearson IT Certification and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Privacy Notice

Overview

Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about Pearson IT Certification products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information

To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites; develop new products and services; conduct educational research; and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information

Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security

Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children

This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing

Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information

If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out

Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by Adobe Press. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.pearsonitcertification.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information

Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents

California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure

Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

As required by law.
With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links

This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact

Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice

We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020

Email Address

Corporate, Academic, and Employee Purchases