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CompTIA Security+ Exam Cram, 2nd Edition

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CompTIA Security+ Exam Cram, 2nd Edition

By Diane Barrett, Kirk Hausman, Martin M. Weiss
Published Dec 22, 2008 by Pearson IT Certification. Part of the Exam Cram series.

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Description

Copyright 2009
Edition: 2nd

Book
ISBN-10: 0-7897-3804-X
ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-3804-2

CompTIA® Security+ Exam Cram

Second Edition

Exam SY0-201

Diane Barrett

Kirk Hausman

Martin Weiss

The Smart Way to Study™

Covers the critical information you need to know to score higher on your Security+ exam!

Master and implement general security best practices
Systematically identify threats and risks to your systems
Harden systems by eliminating nonessential services
Secure your communications, networks, and infrastructure
Systematically identify and protect against online vulnerabilities
Implement effective access control and authentication
Create security baselines and audit your security infrastructure
Understand cryptographic principles, and effectively deploy cryptographic solutions
Organize security from both a technical and organizational standpoint
Manage every facet of security, including education and documentation
Understand the laws related to IT security, and the basics of forensic investigations

WRITTEN BY LEADING EXPERTS:

Diane Barrett (MCSE, A+, Security+) is a professor in the Network Security and Computer Forensics programs at the University of Advancing Technology. She belongs to several security user groups, including HTCIA and InfraGard.

Kirk Hausman (MCSE, Security+) has worked for more than 20 years as a consultant, trainer, IT manager, and network and security administrator. He works for Texas A&M University as assistant commandant for IT.

Martin Weiss (CISSP, Security+, MCSE) is a manager of information security gurus at RSA, the security division of EMC.

CD Features Test Engine Powered by MeasureUp!

Detailed explanations of correct and incorrect answers
Multiple test modes
Random questions and order of answers
Coverage of each Security+ exam objective

informit.com/examcram

ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-3804-2

ISBN-10: 0-7897-3804-X



Sample Content

Online Sample Chapter

CompTIA Security+ Infrastructure Basics

Sample Pages

Download the sample pages

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The CompTIA Certification Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Taking a Certification Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Tracking Certification Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Chapter Format and Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Exam Topics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Self-Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

CompTIA Certification in the Real World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

The Ideal CompTIA Certification Candidate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Put Yourself to the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

How to Prepare for an Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Studying for the Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Testing Your Exam Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Dealing with Test Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Day of the Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Part I: System Security

Chapter 1: System Threats and Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Systems Security Threats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Privilege Escalation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Worms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Trojans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Spyware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Spam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Adware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Rootkits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Botnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Logic Bombs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Protecting Against Malicious Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Security Threats to System Hardware and Peripherals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

BIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

USB Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Handheld Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Removable Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Network-Attached Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Suggested Reading and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Chapter 2: Online Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Web Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Java and JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

ActiveX Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Cookies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Common Gateway Interface Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Browser Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Peer-to-Peer Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Instant Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Simple Mail Transport Protocol Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Protocol Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

SSL/TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

LDAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

File Transfer Protocol Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Anonymous Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Unencrypted Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Wireless Network Vulnerabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

WAP and i-Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

WLANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Wired Equivalent Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Wi-Fi Protected Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

802.11i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Site Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Network Device and Transmission Media Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Additional Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Part II: Infrastructure Security

Chapter 3: Infrastructure Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 73

Port and Protocol Threats and Mitigation Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Antiquated and Older Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

TCP/IP Hijacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Null Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Spoofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Man in the Middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Replay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Denial of Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Distributed DoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

DNS Kiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

DNS Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

ARP Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Network Design Elements and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Demilitarized Zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Intranet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Extranet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Virtual Local Area Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Network Address Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Subnetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Network Interconnections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Network Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Telephony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Network Security Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

NIDS and HIDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Network Intrusion Prevention System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Proxy Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Internet Content Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Protocol Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Additional Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Chapter 4: Infrastructure Security and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Implementing Security Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Personal Software Firewalls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Antivirus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Antispam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Pop-Up Blockers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Virtualization Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Applying Network Tools to Facilitate Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Proxy Servers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Internet Content Filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Protocol Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Logical Access Control Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Security Groups and Roles with Appropriate Rights and Privileges . . . . . . 119

Security Controls for File and Print Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Access Control Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Group Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Password Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Logical Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Physical Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Risk and Return on Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Identifying Risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Asset Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Risk and Threat Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Calculating Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Calculating ROI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Additional Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Part III: Access Control

Chapter 5: Access Control and Authentication Basics . .. . . . . . . 141

Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Mandatory Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Discretionary Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Role-Based Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Access Control Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Authentication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Kerberos Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Mutual Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus . . . . . 151

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

IEEE 802.1x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Certificates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Username and Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Biometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Multifactor Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Single Sign-On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Identity Proofing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Operating System Hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Nonessential Services and Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Patch Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Security Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Physical Access Security Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Physical Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Other Deterrents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Additional Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Chapter 6: Securing Communications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Remote Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

802.1x Wireless Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

VPN Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Dial-Up User Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Secure Shell Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Internet Protocol Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Electronic Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Pretty Good Privacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Undesirable Email . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Instant Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Web Connectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Hypertext Transport Protocol over Secure Sockets Layer . . . . . 184

Secure Sockets Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Transport Layer Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Suggested Reading and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Part IV: Assessments and Audits

Chapter 7: Intrusion Detection and Security Baselines . . . . . . 193

Intrusion Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Methods of Intrusion Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Intrusion-Detection Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Honeypots and Honeynets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Incident Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Security Baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Vulnerability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Additional Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Chapter 8: Auditing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Using Monitoring Tools to Detect Security-Related Anomalies . . . . . 218

Performance Benchmarking and Baselining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Performance Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

System Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Protocol Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Monitoring Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Behavior-Based Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Anomaly-Based Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Signature-Based Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Logging Procedures and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Application Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

System Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Performance Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Access Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Firewall Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Antivirus Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Periodic Audits of System Security Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

User Access and Rights Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Storage and Retention Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Group Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Additional Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Part V: Cryptography

Chapter 9: Cryptography Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Encryption Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Symmetric Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Asymmetric Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Key Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Steganography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

CIA Triad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Confidentiality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Nonrepudiation and Digital Signatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Whole Disk Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Trusted Platform Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Hashing Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Cryptographic Hash Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Windows Authentication Hashing Algorithms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Symmetric Encryption Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Asymmetric Encryption Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Suggested Readings and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Chapter 10: Cryptography Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

PKI Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

PKIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Public Key Cryptography Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

X.509 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

PKI Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Certificate Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Registration Authorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Certificates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Certificate Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Certificate Practice Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Revocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Trust Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Key Management and the Certificate Life Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Centralized Versus Decentralized. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Key Escrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Expiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Revocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Status Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Recovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

M of N Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Renewal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Key Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Multiple Key Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Protocols and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

SSL and TLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol and IP Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Pretty Good Privacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Secure Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Suggested Readings and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Part VI: Organizational Security

Chapter 11: Organizational Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Disaster Recovery and Redundancy Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

Redundant Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

Redundant Equipment and Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Service Level Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Backup Techniques and Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Backup Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

System Restoration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Suggested Readings and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Chapter 12: Organizational Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Incident Response Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Forensics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Chain of Custody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

First Responders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

Damage and Loss Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Reporting and Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Applicable Legislation and Organizational Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Secure Disposal of Computers and Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Acceptable Use Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

Password Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Change Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

Classification of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Separation of Duties and Mandatory Vacations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

Personally Identifiable Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

Due Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

Due Diligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

Due Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Service Level Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Security-Related Human Resources Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

User Education and Awareness Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

The Importance of Environmental Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Fire Suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

HVAC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

The Risks of Social Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Phishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Hoaxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Shoulder Surfing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Dumpster Diving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

User Education and Awareness Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Recommended Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Part VII: Practice Exams and Answers

Practice Exam 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Practice Exam 1 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Answers at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

Practice Exam 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

Practice Exam 2 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

Answers at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

Appendix: What’s on the CD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Multiple Test Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Study Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Certification Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Custom Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Attention to Exam Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Installing the CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Creating a Shortcut to the MeasureUp Practice Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

Technical Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 471

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

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Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security

Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children

This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing

Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information

If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out

Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by Adobe Press. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.pearsonitcertification.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information

Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents

California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure

Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

As required by law.
With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links

This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact

Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice

We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020

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